Table 5 Linear mixed effect regression analysis results for MMR, 2008 sub-divided into the WHO framework for the building blocks of a health system (n = 136 countries)
Explanatory Variables | Unadjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|
I. Human health resources | Â | Â |
   Nursing/midwife density (per 10,000 population) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | - |
   Physician density (per 1,000 population) | 0.68 (0.58, 0.79) | - |
II. Health service coverage | Â | Â |
   % Of population with sustainable access to water and sanitation (for a 10% increase) | 0.67 (0.61, 0.73) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) |
   % Of births attended by skilled staff | 0.28 (0.20, 0.39) | - |
III. Medical products, vaccines and technology | Â | Â |
   % Measles immunization coverage | 0.55 (0.40, 0.74) | - |
IV. Health financing | Â | Â |
   Total health expenditure per person (USD) | 0.60 (0.55, 0.65) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) |
   Out-of-pocket expenditure on health (as a % of total health expenditure) | 1.32 (1.04, 1.66) | - |
   Government health expenditure (USD) | 0.53 (0.48, 0.58) | - |
   Private share of total health expenditure (%) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | - |
V. Leadership and governance | Â | Â |
   Corruption index (log of) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.23) | 0.49 (0.36, 0.66) |
Demographic variables | Â | Â |
   Fertility rate (average number of children per woman) | 9.93 (6.96, 14.16) | 2.85 (2.02, 4.00) |
   Population growth value (annual %) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | - |
   Urban population value (annual %) | 1.33 (1.17, 1.51) | - |
   Female labour force participation (%) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | - |