Table 1 Country level data and proportion of travel related leptospirosis

Goris, Kimberly et al., [36]

Netherlands

1925 - 2008

2553

318(12.5%)

Europe – 132

Recreational- 257,

Culture/MAT

Asia – 134

South America – 25

Job-related 21,

Central and North

America – 13

Accidental 22,

Sub-Saharan Africa – 7

Middle East – 2

Australia – 1

Leshem et al., [38]

Israel

2002-2008

48

20(41.7%)

Southeast Asia - 15,

Participation in water related activities

Not mentioned

Africa - 2,

Oceania - 2, Central

America - 1

Hoffmeister et al., [39]

Germany and Austria

1998-2008

59

24(40.7%)

Caribbean - 10,

Recreational

ELISA, MAT, PCR

Asia - 9, Eastern Europe - 3, Central America - 1,

South America - 1

Taniguchi et al., [42]

Japan

1999-2008

95

7(7.4%)

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Jansen et al., [40]

Germany

1997-2003

248

39(15.7%)

France - 4,

Not mentioned

Not mentioned

Greece - 2,

Poland - 2,

Hungary - 2,

Norway-1,

Croatia-1,

Bulgaria-1

Narita et al., [41]

Japan

1999

14

9(62.3%)

Exposure to contaminated soil or water

Not mentioned

Ariyapruchya et al., [43]

Thailand

1994 - 2000

59

10(16.9%)

Northeastern part of Thailand

Katz et al., [44]

USA

1974 - 1998

752

43(5.7%)

43 - outside the state

27 - Federated States of Micronesia,

6 -American Samoa,

4 - Guam,

from Costa Rica-2

Thailand-1,

Philippines-1

Mexico-1

Utah-1

Crevel et al., [37]

Netherlands

1987 - 1991

237

32(13.5%)

Thailand -24

Contact with freshwater,

MAT,ELISA

Other Southeast Asian countries-4,

21- water-rafting in Thailand

Ivory Coast-1,

Surinam-3