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Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and mean estimates (95% CI) on WHODAS and well-being scores, by country

From: Association of experienced and evaluative well-being with health in nine countries with different income levels: a cross-sectional study

 

China (n = 14,235)

Finland (n = 1855)

Ghana (n = 4889)

India (n = 11,203)

Mexico (n = 2629)

Poland (n = 3929)

Russia (n = 4165)

South Africa (n = 3855)

Spain (n = 4583)

Socio-demographics

 Female: n (%)

7619 (53.5)

1052 (56.7)

2314 (47.3)

6866 (61.3)

1625 (61.8)

2360 (60.1)

2694 (64.7)

2219 (57.6)

2505 (54.7)

 Age, years: Mean ± s.d.

60.33 ± 11.85

58.41 ± 15.99

60.14 ± 14.03

50.02 ± 16.60

63.14 ± 13.97

57.02 ± 17.93

62.35 ± 13.01

60.33 ± 12.28

59.71 ± 15.90

 Secondary school or higher level completed: n (%)

5852 (41.1)

1629 (87.9)

1286 (26.3)

3248 (29.0)

618 (23.5)

2945 (75.0)

3755 (90.2)

944 (24.5)

2048 (44.7)

 Married or in partnership: n (%)

11,908 (83.7)

1174 (63.3)

2914 (60.0)

8695 (77.6)

1670 (63.5)

2194 (55.8)

2370 (57.0)

1996 (52.8)

2777 (60.6)

 Rural setting: n (%)

7318 (51.4)

414 (22.3)

2871 (58.7)

8364 (74.7)

699 (26.6)

1698 (43.2)

1023 (24.6)

1270 (33.0)

625 (13.6)

Mean estimates (95% CI)

 WHODAS

3.66 (3.43,3.90)

6.38 (5.84,6.93)

12.39 (11.47,13.31)

16.39 (15.91,16.87)

8.95 (7.35,10.56)

11.02 (10.30,11.74)

14.07 (12.97,15.17)

9.60 (7.91,11.29)

6.69 (6.21,7.17)

 Positive affect

73.54 (72.29,74.79)

77.24 (75.93,78.55)

79.84 (78.46,81.23)

62.61 (61.73,63.48)

66.80 (63.82,69.79)

72.34 (70.65,74.03)

64.82 (63.00,66.64)

85.95 (83.08,88.81)

80.99 (80.16,81.83)

 Negative affect

2.70 (2.32,3.08)

6.85 (6.15,7.54)

4.56 (3.97,5.14)

11.27 (10.80,11.75)

11.32 (9.52,13.13)

7·91 (7.16,8.66)

10.84 (9.74,11.95)

4.58 (3.14,6.02)

11.16 (10.49,11.83)

 Evaluative well-being

68.08 (67.52,68.64)

78.27 (77.49,79.06)

64.73 (63.80,65.65)

66.79 (66.33,67.26)

67.47 (65.65,69.28)

69.72 (68.78,70.66)

64.61 (63.69,65.54)

65.49 (63.33,67.65)

75.31 (74.65,75.96)

  1. Unweighted data for socio-demographics; weighted data were used to obtain mean estimates on WHODAS and well-being scores. WHODAS, positive affect, negative affect and evaluative well-being scores ranged between 0 and 100. Higher scores in WHODAS indicate a worse health. Higher scores in positive affect, negative affect and evaluative well-being indicate a higher score in positive affect, negative affect and evaluative well-being, respectively