From: Transnational pharmacogovernance: emergent patterns in the jazz of pharmaceutical policy convergence
 | ICH | EU (UK, France) | Canada | Japan | US |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regulatory authority | Concentrated | Concentrated | Concentrated | Fragmented | Fragmented |
State-societal relations | Negotiation | Negotiation | Accommodation | Negotiation/ Managerial Discretion | Managerial Discretion |
Representation | Narrow | Narrow | Narrow | Narrow/ Diverse | Diverse |
Litigation | None | Limited | Limited | Limited | Extensive: Class Action, Fraud |
Decision-making | Cybernetic | Cybernetic | Cybernetic | Analytic | Analytic |
Network Governance | Interdependent/co-regulatory decision-making | Interdependent/co-regulatory decision-making | Interdependent | Independent | Independent |