Skip to main content

Table 2 Modes of Pharmacogovernance

From: Transnational pharmacogovernance: emergent patterns in the jazz of pharmaceutical policy convergence

 

ICH

EU (UK, France)

Canada

Japan

US

Regulatory authority

Concentrated

Concentrated

Concentrated

Fragmented

Fragmented

State-societal relations

Negotiation

Negotiation

Accommodation

Negotiation/ Managerial Discretion

Managerial Discretion

Representation

Narrow

Narrow

Narrow

Narrow/ Diverse

Diverse

Litigation

None

Limited

Limited

Limited

Extensive:

Class Action, Fraud

Decision-making

Cybernetic

Cybernetic

Cybernetic

Analytic

Analytic

Network Governance

Interdependent/co-regulatory decision-making

Interdependent/co-regulatory decision-making

Interdependent

Independent

Independent