Table 2 Summary content analysis of CPA strategies and practices commonly applied by 12 selected companies; from document reviews and stakeholder interviews

1 Information and messaging

1.1 Lobby policy makers ^a

1.2 Stress the economic importance of the industry ^a

1.3 Promote deregulation ^b

1.4 Frame the debate on diet- and public health-related issues^b

1.5 Shape the evidence base on diet and public health-related issues ^{b, c}

2 Financial incentive

2.1 Fund and provide financial incentives to political parties and policymakers ^b

3 Constituency building

3.1 Establish relationships with key opinion leaders and health organizations ^b

3.2 Seek involvement with the community ^b

3.3 Establish relationships with policymakers ^{b, c}

3.4 Establish relationships with the media ^{b, c}

4 Legal strategies

4.1 Use legal action (or the threat thereof) against public policies or opponents ^a

4.2 Influence the development of trade and investment agreements ^a

5 Policy substitution

5.1 Develop and promote alternatives to policies ^b

6 Opposition fragmentation and destabilisation

6.1 Criticise public health advocates

6.2 Create multiple voices against public health measures ^a

6.3 Infiltrate, monitor and distract public health advocates, groups and organisations