Table 2 Determinants of migration flows of medical doctors (2000–2016)
From: Physicians’ brain drain - a gravity model of migration flows
Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Destination Controls | |||||
Log Unemployment rate [t-1] | −0.091 (0.24) | − 0.669c (0.18) | − 0.270 (0.22) | − 0.916c (0.18) | −1.119c (0.17) |
Log PISA Scorereading [t-1] | −0.036 (2.34) | − 0.540 (1.97) | − 0.796 (2.20) | −0.901 (1.79) | 4.894b (2.17) |
Dyadic Controls | |||||
Log GDPo/GDPd [t-1] | −0.222 (0.34) | 0.289 (0.34) | −0.037 (0.34) | 0.932c (0.34) | 1.545c (0.35) |
Log Diaspora [2000] | 0.004 (0.01) | 0.004 (0.01) | 0.014 (0.01) | 0.014 (0.01) | 0.034c (0.01) |
Log Distance | −0.691c (0.07) | −0.697c (0.07) | −0.847c (0.06) | −0.864c (0.07) | − 0.635c (0.07) |
Colonial-tie dummy | 0.591c (0.10) | 0.600c (0.09) | 0.598c (0.10) | 0.613c (0.09) | 0.558c (0.11) |
Common language dummy | 2.415c (0.16) | 2.375c (0.18) | 2.227c (0.11) | 2.168c (0.12) | 2.679c (0.11) |
Contiguity dummy | −0.205b (0.09) | −0.265c (0.09) | −0.266c (0.09) | − 0.365c (0.08) | − 0.135 (0.13) |
Both in EU | 0.097 (0.10) | 0.205a (0.12) | 0.028 (0.10) | 0.131 (0.11) | 0.624c (0.13) |
Both in Schengen | 0.712c (0.11) | 0.645c (0.12) | 0.750c (0.09) | 0.687c (0.10) | 0.276b (0.14) |
Supply factors | |||||
Log Remuneration of physicians [t-1] | 1.651a (0.87) | 1.998b (0.91) | 2.107b (0.85) | ||
Log Density Physicians per 1000 population [t-1] | −2.810c (0.70) | −3.276c (0.69) | −1.808c (0.64) | ||
Log Medical Graduates per 100,000 population [t-1] | −0.143 (0.35) | 0.234 (0.34) | 0.919c (0.30) | ||
Log Medical Technology [t-1] | 1.033c (0.40) | ||||
Demand factors | |||||
Log public health expenditures [t-1] | −0.572 (0.63) | 0.153 (0.64) | 0.168 (0.51) | ||
Log health insurance coverage [t-1] | −3.105b (1.46) | −5.232c (1.47) | −3.337b (1.68) | ||
Log Age dependency ratio, old [t-1] | 4.853c (1.10) | 2.891c (0.98) | 4.684c (1.01) | ||
Log Hospital beds [t-1] | −0.410 (0.45) | 0.803a (0.43) | 1.397c (0.46) | ||
Destination FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Origin-time FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Number of clusters (destination*time) | 337 | 304 | 303 | 272 | 201 |
Observations | 45,538 | 40,912 | 40,709 | 36,398 | 25,466 |
R-sqr | 0.671 | 0.716 | 0.717 | 0.771 | 0.867 |