Table 3 Subgroup analysis
From: Physicians’ brain drain - a gravity model of migration flows
Sending regions / time period | Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Africa | Asia | Central and Eastern European countries | Before Economic crisis 2000–2006 | During Economic crisis 2007–2012 | |
Destination Controls | |||||
Log Unemployment rate [t-1] | −1.627b (0.69) | −2.040c (0.18) | −1.221c (0.27) | −0.258 (0.65) | −2.074c (0.39) |
Log PISA Scorereading [t-1] | −3.543 (5.67) | 15.252c (4.54) | 9.973c (3.62) | 7.349 (10.81) | −2.300 (7.15) |
Dyadic Controls | |||||
Log GDPo/GDPd [t-1] | 1.372 (1.17) | 0.200 (0.36) | 2.204c (0.69) | 0.090 (0.63) | 2.652b (1.27) |
Log Diaspora [2000] | −0.533c (0.08) | 0.573c (0.19) | 0.353c (0.06) | 0.457c (0.11) | 0.461c (0.11) |
Log Distance | −0.880c (0.25) | 0.026 (0.32) | −0.979c (0.20) | − 0.864c (0.12) | −0.629c (0.12) |
Colonial-tie dummy | 2.478c (0.29) | 1.360c (0.11) | −1.345c (0.21) | 0.912c (0.17) | 0.463b (0.18) |
Common language dummy | 1.202c (0.29) | 0.826c (0.24) | – | 2.082c (0.13) | 2.633c (0.16) |
Contiguity dummy | 0.237 (0.56) | 6.143c (0.91) | 1.322c (0.23) | 0.128 (0.26) | −0.178 (0.17) |
Both in EU | – | – | 0.145 (0.18) | 0.256 (0.21) | 0.551c (0.18) |
Both in Schengen | – | – | 0.028 (0.17) | 1.193c (0.23) | 0.475b (0.21) |
Supply factors | |||||
Log Remuneration of physicians [t-1] | 9.001c (3.15) | 4.789c (1.39) | −0.558 (1.40) | 1.050 (1.88) | 6.832a (3.81) |
Log Density Physicians per 1000 population [t-1] | −6.829c (1.92) | −3.253c (1.18) | −0.016 (1.11) | 0.256 (1.36) | −6.352b (2.73) |
Log Medical Graduates per 100,000 population [t-1] | 1.078 (0.84) | −0.222 (0.50) | 1.580c (0.46) | 0.398 (0.41) | 2.621c (0.96) |
Log Medical Technology [t-1] | 4.150c (1.08) | −0.220 (0.55) | 1.784c (0.53) | 1.012 (0.65) | 3.071c (0.78) |
Demand factors | |||||
Log public health expenditures [t-1] | −1.844a (1.00) | −0.142 (0.54) | 0.720 (0.73) | 1.026 (1.30) | −3.593a (2.06) |
Log health insurance coverage [t-1] | −6.850a (4.14) | −10.029c (1.79) | 2.184 (4.06) | −33.308 (47.68) | 9.192 (11.07) |
Log Age dependency ratio, old [t-1] | −21.085c (6.81) | −0.458 (3.37) | 4.225c (1.40) | 8.003b (3.38) | −16.769c (5.74) |
Log Hospital beds [t-1] | −4.016c (1.24) | −0.098 (0.38) | 2.829c (0.97) | −3.089 (2.03) | 1.227 (1.20) |
Destination FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Origin-time FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Number of clusters (destination*time) | 168 | 153 | 196 | 54 | 78 |
Observations | 4193 | 4532 | 2495 | 6549 | 9726 |
R-sqr | 0.974 | 0.978 | 0.742 | 0.955 | 0.787 |