Table 1 Classification of 214 antimicrobial-containing products based on their AAI composition and WHO classification, as well as their frequency of use and retail price (based on 775 farmer pricing records)
WHO category | No. products (N = 214) (%) | AAIs in products (No. of products in bracket) | No. farms using (N = 100) (%) | No. flocks using (N = 191) (%) | Mean price per product ADDkg (₵) (±SE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest priority+High priority | 43 (20.1) | colistin+amoxicillin (12), colistin+ampicillin (12), colistin+neomycin (8), colistin+gentamicin (2), colistin+apramycin (1), tylosin+gentamicin (5), tylosin+amoxicillin (2), tylosin+streptomycin (1) | 65 (65.0%) | 103 (53.9%) | 0.52 (±0.03) |
Highest priority only | 41 (19.2) | enrofloxacin (12), flumequine (9), tilmicosin (6), erythromycin (2), norfloxacin (2), tylosin (1), colistin (2), colistin+tylosin (3), colistin+spiramycin (2), colistin+enrofloxacin (1), colistin+erythromycin (1) | 52 (52.0%) | 85 (44.5%) | 0.45 (±0.07) |
Highest priority +Highly important | 38 (17.8) | colistin+oxytetracycline (8), colistin+doxycycline (1), colistin+lincomycin (1), colistin+sulfadimethoxine (1), doxycycline+tylosin (6), doxycyline+tilmicosin (1), erythromycin+sulphamethoxazole (2), erythromycin+oxytetracycline (1), kitasamycin+thiamphenicol (1), oxytetracycline +neomycine (2), oxytetracycline+spiramycin (3), oxytetracycline+tylosin (2), tylosin+sulfadimidine (3), tylosin+tetracycline (2), tylosin+sulfachloropyridazine (1), tylosin+sulfamethazine (1), tylosin+sulphamethoxazole (1) | 88 (88.0%) | 163 (85.3%) | 0.36 (±0.03) |
Highly important only | 35 (16.4) | oxytetracycline (9), oxytetracycline+sulfadimidine (1), oxytetracycline+thiamphenicol (1), doxycycline (5), doxycycline+florfenicol (3), doxycycline+lincomycin (1), florfenicol (8), lincomycin (2), cephalexin (1), cefadroxil (1), sulphathiazole (1), sulfamethoxypyridazine+tetracycline (1), sulphamethoxazole+ thiamphenicol (1) | 58 (58.0%) | 77 (40.3%) | 0.46 (±0.06) |
High priority+Highly important | 25 (11.7) | lincomycin+spectinomycin (6), doxycycline+gentamicin (5), doxycycline+neomycin (1), doxycycline+ampicillin (1), oxytetracycline+streptomycin (5), oxytetracycline+neomycin (4), ampicillin+sulfadimethoxine (1), gentamicin+sulfadimidine (1), streptomycin+sulphamethoxazole (1) | 43(43.0%) | 63 (33.0%) | 0.45 (±0.07) |
High priority only | 12 (5.6) | amoxicillin (7), neomycin (3), ampicillin (1), streptomycin (1) | 19 (19.0%) | 23 (12.0%) | 0.31 (±0.04) |
Highly important +Other | 8 (3.7) | sulfadimethoxine+trimethoprim (4), sulfadiazine+trimethoprim (1), sulfadimidine+trimethoprim (1), sulphamethoxazole+trimethoprim (1), doxycycline+tiamulin (1) | 14 (14.0%) | 14 (7.3%) | 0.84 (±0.42) |
Highest priority +Other | 6 (2.8) | colistin+trimethoprim (3), josamycin+trimethoprim (1), spiramycin+trimethoprim (1), colistin+enramycin (1) | 14 (14.0%) | 14 (7.3%) | 0.46 (±0.09) |
Other only | 3 (1.4) | trimethoprim (2), methenamine (1) | 23 (23.0%) | 32 (16.8%) | 0.57 (±0.04) |
High priority +Other | 2 (0.9) | gentamicin +trimethoprim (1), neomycin+trimethoprim (1) | 6 (6.0%) | 6 (3.1%) | 0.86 (±0.18) |
Highest priority +Highly important+Other | 1 (0.5) | tylosin+trimethoprim+sulfadiazine+sulphamethoxazole (1) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.67 (nc) |