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Table 1 Characteristics of studies on GHD for NCDs

From: Global Health diplomacy for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control: a systematic review

Author

Country/Region

Year

Journal

Level of Diplomacy

Domain

article type

Method

key findings

Hospedales et al. [33]

CARICOM*

2011

Pan American Journal of Public Health

Regional

Advocacy, Political Factors

Commentary and perspectives

Qualitative- opinion piece on the process of and lessons learned in achieving the political commitment of heads of government manifested by a one-day summit on the prevention and control of NCDs*

Implementation of the NCD Summit Declaration mandates was most effective in larger countries with greater capacity, but countries of all sizes performed well, when they had regional or global support. Progress was limited in regional approaches to food security, labeling, and elimination of trans fats. Inadequate funding stymied several resource-dependent interventions. Monitoring mechanisms were established, but more concrete goals are needed, especially for actions of non-health government agencies.

Lencucha et al. [34]

Canada

2010

Health Policy and Planning

Global

NGOs, GHD, FCTC, International Negotiations, Global Health Governance

Original study

Grounded theory—qualitative data from public documents and in-depth interviews with participants from the government and NGOs*

Five key activities or roles of the Canadian NGOs during the negotiation of the FCTC*: monitoring, lobbying, brokering knowledge, offering technical expertise and fostering inclusion.

Blouin [30]

2012

Administrative Sciences

Global

Global Health, Diplomacy, NCDs, Chronic Diseases, Policy, Global Collective Action

Review

Review—social sciences literature on policymaking at the domestic and international level

Adopting a global strategy with partners

to increase media coverage.

key role of civil society organizations in a strong collective response

Lee [35]

Brazil

2010

PLoS Medicine

National/

Global

NGOs, GHD*, FCTC, International Negotiations

Original study

key informant interviews with Brazilian policymakers, diplomats, and public health advocates on the country’s role in FCTC negotiations, literature review of priary and secondary sources

providing leadership throughout the negotiation process

Blouin & Dubé [36]

2010

Journal of Public Health Policy

Global

Obesity Prevention, NGOs, GHD, FCTC, International Negotiations

Review

Review of documents and studies— a simple analytical framework is used: (1) the specific problem requiring global collective action, (2) key actors, (3) their interests in the problem, (4) potential negotiation process, and (5) potential scenarios for collective action

require a much stronger engagement with developing countries

Mamudu & Glantz [37]

2009

Global Public Health

Global

Civil Society, GHD, FCTC, International Negotiations

Original study

Interview and triangulation of archival documents and

Using proper strategies including publication of a newsletter, shaming, symbolism and media advocacy by the FCA to influence policy positions of countries during the FCTC negotiation.

Teixeira et al. [38]

Brazil

2017

Cadernos de Saúde Pública

National/

Global

Civil Society, GHD, FCTC, International Negotiations

Original study

Kingdon’s perspective

The link between tobacco-related healthcare measures by technically skilled officials, the involvement of the high echelon of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (policy flow), the initiative for the establishment of the WHO*-FCTC (problem flow), and the existence of a favorable environment in executive and legislative (political flow), opened a opportunity window for WHO-FCTC approval and its inclusion in the government decision agenda.

Sener [39]

2014

American Journal of Surgery

Global

Medical Diplomacy, Tobacco Control, Breast Health

Commentary and perspectives

Qualitative

Unprecedented presence and participation of NGOs in the drafting stages was helpful for starting negotiations for the treaty

Smith & Irwin [40]

India

2016

Globalization and Health

National/

Global

Food and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children, GHD, International Negotiations

Commentary and perspectives

Ethnographic study,

in-depth interviews

a successful GHD in international level is part of a process, not the end, and an important part of conducting and evaluating GHD is a consideration of challenges and barriers concerning national action.

Pearlman et al. [21]

2016

Science & Diplomacy

Global

GHD, Cancer, Multi-stakeholder collaborations, NCDs

case study

Document review and evidence-based survey

overcome many barriers with Effective partnership and careful coordination

Wipfli & Samet [41]

2012

Tobacco Control

Global

GHD, FCTC, International Negotiations

Commentary and perspectives

Extending the lessons learned from tobacco control to NCD control

The collective response to NCDs should centralize on generating multisectoral evidence about the transnational factors influencing the rise in NCDs and their risk factors.

Juma et al. [42]

Kenya, South Africa, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Malawi

2018

BMC Public Health

National/

Regional

Multi-sectoral Action

multiple case study

Document reviews and key informant interviews, McQueen’s framework for intersectoral governance

The need for mechanisms including approaches to capacity building and resource production to be able to take multi-sectoral measures in policy development, implementation and monitoring of NCD results.

Dain [43]

2018

International Journal of Health Policy and Management

Global

Civil Society Networks, Coalition Building, Advocacy, Governance, Human Sustainable Development

Commentary and perspectives

Shiffman’s ‘Four Challenges that Global Health Networks Face’

NCDA’s* advocacy has contributed to the call for global political commitment.

Russell et al. [44]

2018

Global Public Health

Global

GHD, E-cigarettes, FCTC, International Law

Original study

Ethnography method

One of the important tasks of the FCA is to prepare policy brief on key issues.

Frech [45]

Latin America

2018

Journal of Global Oncology

Regional/

Global

Cancer Research and Control, Partnerships and Diplomacy

Commentary and perspectives

Qualitative

The need for high-level cooperation (the President’s commitment), the sharing of information to support the efficient use of limited resources, the prevention of repeated attempts, and the synergy of current investments in specific countries are essential.

Beaglehole [46]

2011

Lancet

Global

UN* High-Level Meeting on NCDs, Global Crisis, Need for Global Response, International Cooperation, Monitoring and Accountability

Commentary and perspectives

Report- providing evidence for the realities of the NCD situation, summaries key messages for heads of state and governments.

Long-term success requires inspiring and committed national and international leadership, improving primary health care, effective use of existing resources, new financing methods.

Nishtar et al. [47]

2018

Lancet

Global

WHO Independent High-level Commission on NCDs, National Response to NCDs, International Cooperation

Commentary and perspectives

This report represented rich and diverse views and perspectives.

Ensureing implementation through legislation, regulation and standards or investment.

Health in all policies, approaches of the whole government, the whole society and intersectoral approaches must be taken in the field of NCDs actions. Need technical support, training, practical research and capacity building initiatives.

Samuels & Hospedales [48]

CARICOM

2011

West Indian Medical Journal

Regional/

Global

Heads of government, UN High-Level Meeting on NCDs

Commentary and perspectives

Report

commit to strengthening systems and incrising resources, endorse and implement the commitments made and identify and support leadership for sustained action and accountability for these initiatives.

Hatefi et al. [49]

2018

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Global

Global Susceptibility to NCDs, Accountability

Commentary and perspectives

Perspectives on rational response to global health risks

The main response to NCDs must happen downstream at the country level.

Wickramasinghe et al. [50]

Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan, and Yemen

2018

Global Health Action

National/

Regional

Multisectoral Action, National-level stakeholders

original study

Structured interviews with key stakeholders

Achievement to national multisectoral action plans development through collaboration and good technical support.

Mendis [51]

2010

British Medical Bulletin

Global

Policies to Support Regulatory, Legislative, Intersectoral Action

Commentary and perspectives

Qualitative review

Needed to develop innovative approaches for revenue generation for prevention and control of NCDs. Adapted agenda concering the context of contries.

Maher & Sridhar [52]

2012

Journal of Global Health

Global

Global Fight Against NCDs, global health policy communities, political leaders

discipline configurative case study

Qualitative -Shiffman’s 2009 political priority framework

Engaging the diverse actors for the global proliferation of NCDs.

Gneiting & Schmitz [53]

2016

Health Policy and Planning

Global

Advocacy, Political Factors, Network Formation and Evolution in International Health Governance

Original study

In-depth qualitative analysis, in-depth examination of social and political processes with a paired comparison

global health networks (individuals to a global coalition of membership) are engaging in advocacy on a given health problem.

Magnusson [54]

2007

Globalization and Health

Global

Global Health Governance

Commentary and perspectives

Report

Needed to broader framework of reference for lifestyle-related NCDs

Battams & Townsend [55]

2018

Critical Public Health

Global/ nation

trade policy, policy

coherence, social

determinants of health, advocacy

original study

Interviews with key actors working across trade and health sectors

Support for advocacy coalitions operating basedn upon trade and geopolitical interests.

Lobbying trade policy actors proactively and benefit from linking with global advocacy networks as a way to counter the power and resources of industries with NCD risk areas.

Kirton et al. [56]

CARICOM

2018

Pan American Journal of Public Health

Regional/global

Port of Spain Summit Declaration, global and regional action

Original study

Using data from published literature, primary documents, and semistructured interviews (a method developed by the University of Toronto’s Global Governance Program)

requirement to embed NCDs in a whole-of-global-governance approach, monitor implementation annually, develop transregional partnerships, engage civil society and support regular regional and global summits

Greaves et al. [57]

CARICOM

2018

Pan American Journal of Public Health

Regional

Port of Spain Summit Declaration, Health communication

Commentary and perspectives

Report and review

the NCDs advocate should be considered as knowledge broker performing tasks related to effective knowledge transfer, networking and capacity building

Chattu et al. [58]

CARICOM

2019

Health Promotion Perspectives

Global

Port of Spain Summit Declaration, outcome of GHD

review

systematic review

Impact of the NCDs regional summit

declaration on global attention to the Prevention and Control of NCDs.

McBride et al. [59]

2019

BMC Public Health

Global

GHD, Soft power, Global health agenda-setting, SDGs*, BRICS, G7, G20

Original study

Content analysis to review the health ministerial

communiqués issued by the political clubs after the SDGs were adopted at the UN General Assembly of September 2015

The global health leadership of the BRICS, G7 and G20 represents an exercise of soft power and GHD on NCDs and their risk factors.

Collins et al. [60]

2019

The bmj

Global

development cooperation, global action,

Commentary and perspectives

Report and review

Development South-South and triangular cooperation beyond North-South development assistance.

  1. * noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), global health diplomacy (GHD), United Nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), noncommunicable diseases alliance (NCDA), Sustainable development goals (SDGs)