Table 3 Prevention and control of NCDs at different levels of the GHD Pyramid
From: Global Health diplomacy for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control: a systematic review
Actor | Tool (Process) | Content | Context | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Core Diplomacy | - UN - WHO - the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) - the World Bank - the World Trade Organisation (WTO) - the Codex Alimentarius Commission - Independent High-level Commission on NCDs - Heads of government - International professional associations - International Diabetes Federation - World Heart Federation - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) | - Policy brief - Technical support - Exchange of experiences at the international level - Knowledge generation International legal obligations and laws - non-binding recommendations and policy advice - advocacy | - UN High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of NCDs - WHO Global NCD Action Plan - WHO Global Monitoring Framework for NCDs - Recognition of NCDs as a major challenge to sustainable development - Alliances, treaties, and other agreements - FCTC - Regional Action Plan for Prevention and Control of NCDs - Port of Spain Summit Declaration “Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic NCDs” - WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health - Global Code of Practice on the Marketing of Unhealthy Food and Beverages to Children - Resolutions WHA63.14: Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children - MPOWER Package - Best Buys - 2017 WHO Cancer Resolution - WHO Mental Health Action Plan - Montevideo Roadmap 2018–2030 on NCDs as a Sustainable Development Priority - The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness | - Need for network formation at regional and international levels - Lack of resources at national and international levels - Effect of the political will of politicians - The instrumental use of GHD to achieve other foreign policy and diplomatic goals - Differences in wealth, incidence and prevalence of NCDs, and method of disease control |
Multi-stakeholder diplomacy | - Ministry of Health - Ministry of Industry - Ministry of Agriculture - Ministry of Education - Ministry of Urban Development - Ministry of Sports - Environmental organizations - Media - The academia - Commercial actors - Civil society organizations and coalition - Healthcare regulatory agencies - Nutrition Foundation - National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention, National Cancer Institute - Parliamentary Committee for Prevention and Control of NCDs - National Inter-ministerial Tobacco Control Committee | - Advocacy - Scientific research - Health in All Policies - Clear guidelines to strengthen coordination mechanisms - Whole-of-government approach - Publication of a newsletter, shaming, and symbolism - Media advocacy to influence policy positions of countries during negotiations - Holding scientific conferences | - National Document on Prevention and Control of NCDs - Agreements between ministries - National Plan for Tobacco Control - Development plans | - Advocacy varies across different governments and ministries (different cultures) - Programs developed to change systems and cultures (e.g. lifestyle changes) require sustainable medical and political leadership - A single plan is not responsive for all countries and different contexts - Significant difference between low-income countries and the global context - Political obstacles, including sanctions - Geographical location, communication, and health infrastructure - Language barriers and the need to translate tools to native languages - Health-related socioeconomic factors are not limited to the public health sector alone and exist in other sectors of the health system, highlighting the need for multi-sectoral action - Poverty and social factors affecting health - Implementing changes for cancer control that are tailored to a specific context, society, and culture - NCDs threaten economic and human development |
Informal Diplomacy | - NCD Alliance - Research centers and academic associations - The medical community - The private sector - Patients and their families - International donors - NGOs - Health advocacy groups, NGOs, and humanitarian organizations - National Cancer Institute | - Media - Campaigns against alcohol and tobacco use - National Campaign for Tobacco Control and Smoking Cessation - Specific activities such as games for the elderly - World No Tobacco Day | - NCD Advocacy Document | - Understanding the historical context of negotiations - Any country is several markets rather than one, with a wide variety of marketing types |