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Table 5 Risk and protective factors in three populations (mostly frequently reported factors)

From: Mental burden and its risk and protective factors during the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: systematic review and meta-analyses

 

Risk factorsa

Protective factorsb

General population

- Mental disorder/or symptoms [4449515258646974788283116132135]1)

- Worries about relatives or oneself [51576466747580898283]1 [48]1,2

- Being female [4952636669727479828393]1 [vs 1x being male]

- Previous (chronic) medical disease [525563646985135]1

- Being a student [52576072146]1

- Personal/social worries about COVID-19 [518586145]1 [48]1,2

- Physical symptoms [52668085132]1

- Reduced perceived health [50578085132]1

- No current relationship [578081146]1

- Current local outbreak severity [578893141]1

- History of stressful situations [525863147]1

- Vulnerability to COVID-19 [5385146]1

- Health profession [66, 81141]1

- Own or close person’s quarantine [576285]1

- Older age [49526365667991140147]1

- Good economic situation [527988140146]1 [48]1,2

- Satisfaction with/level of information on COVID-19 [454952858893]1

- Not being single [ 668088,86]1

- Higher education [505266146]1

- Social support [52, 140]1 [48]1,2

- Being male [546585]1

Healthcare workers

- Mental disorder/or symptoms [97115116119122]1

- Being female [98110119121]1

- Concern about infection with COVID-19 [103109120121]1

- Exposure to COVID-19 patients [94110115119]1

- Current local COVID-19 severity [94118141107]1

- Older age [98110]1

Patients

- (Suspected) COVID-19 [42131143]1

- Inflammatory markers in blood [42131]1

- Physical symptoms [132]1

- Higher education [127]1,3

- Good economic situation [127]1,3

- Higher lymphocyte ratio in blood [42]1

- Concomitant medical diseases [135]1

  1. a most frequently reported risk factors: general population: factor was reported as statistically significant risk factor in at least k = 3 studies; healthcare workers: factor reported in at least k = 4 studies; patients: factor reported in at least k = 2 studies
  2. b most frequently reported protective factors: general population: factor was reported as statistically significant protective factor in at least k = 3 studies; healthcare workers: factor reported in at least k = 2 studies (limited number of studies reporting protective factors in this group); patients: factor reported in k = 1 study (limited number of studies reporting protective factors in this group)