ANXIETY | |||||
Variable | Category | Anxiety | |||
 |  | No | Yes | OR [95% CI] | P-value |
 |  | N (%) | N (%) |  |  |
Total | Â | 302 (64.67) | 165 (35.33) | Â | Â |
Gender | Male | 104 (77.04) | 31 (22.96) | – |  |
Female | 198 (59.64) | 134 (40.36) | 2.44 [1.769–3.861] | < 0.0001 | |
 |  | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) |  |  |
Age |  | 23.1 (3.49) | 22.5(3.52) | 0.97 [0.94–1.004] | 0.083 |
Area of residence | North | 115 (68.86) | 52 (31.14) | – |  |
 | Center | 78 (65.0) | 42 (35.0) | 1.08 [0.517–2.267] | 0.883 |
 | South and Island | 109 (60.56) | 71 (39.44) | 1.36 [0.701–2.663] | 0.358 |
Faculty | Other | 62 (75.61) | 20 (24.39) | – |  |
Medicine | 176 (61.32) | 111 (38.68) | 3.62 [0.422–31.155] | 0.240 | |
Psychology | 64 (65.31) | 34 (34.69) | 1.20 [0.605–2.382] | 0.600 | |
Campus | (Brescia Milano Piacenza-Cremona) | 120 (69.36) | 53 (30.64) | – |  |
 | Rome | 182 (61.90) | 112 (38.10) | 1.55 [1.032–2.340] | 0.035 |
Live alone | No | 276 (65.25) | 147 (34.75) | – |  |
 | Yes | 26 (59.09) | 18 (40.91) | 1.29 [0.67–2.48] | 0.451 |
Know people who have tested positive | No | 217 (66.77) | 108 (33.23) | – |  |
Yes | 85 (59.86) | 57 (40.14) | 1.49 [0.97–2.29] | 0.068 | |
Engage in physical activities | No | 75 (56.82) | 57 (43.18) | – |  |
Yes | 227 (67.76) | 108 (32.24) | 0.58 [0.383–0.901] | 0.015 | |
Suffering from the impossibility of seeing one’s partner | Strongly disagree | 27 (77.14) | 8 (22.86) | – |  |
Disagree | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | 1.34 [1.07–1.67] | 0.010 | |
Moderate | 15 (88.24) | 2 (11.76) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 38 (71.70) | 15 (28.30) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 71 (55.47) | 57 (44.53) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about COVID-19 | Strongly disagree | 18 (78.26) | 5 (21.74) | – |  |
Disagree | 79 (68.70) | 36 (31.30) | 1.27 [1.03–1.56] | 0.023 | |
Moderate | 116 (65.17) | 62 (34.83) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 78 (61.90) | 48 (38.10) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 11 (44.00) | 14 (56.00) | Â | Â | |
Pandemic feels like something distant | Strongly disagree | 198 (61.68) | 123 (38.32) | – |  |
Disagree | 80 (68.97) | 36 (31.03) | 0.68 [0.492–0.949] | 0.023 | |
Moderate | 17 (73.91) | 6 (26.09) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 6 (100.0) | 0 | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 1 (100.0) | 0 | Â | Â | |
Understand preventive measures | Strongly disagree | 0 | 0 | – |  |
Disagree | 1 (50) | 1 (50.0) | 0.79 [0.56–1.11] | 0.166 | |
Moderate | 9(60) | 6 (40.0) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 88 (62.86) | 52 (37.14) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 204 (65.81) | 106 (34.19) | Â | Â | |
Fear about containment of the pandemic | Strongly disagree | 32 (80.0) | 8 (20.0) | – |  |
Disagree | 80 (78.43) | 22 (21.57) | 1.66 [1.383–2.007] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 106 (72.60) | 40 (27.40) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 59 (50.86) | 57 (49.14) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 25 (39.68) | 38 (60.32) | Â | Â | |
Fear about the increase in positive cases | Strongly disagree | 7 (58.33) | 5 (41.67) | – |  |
Disagree | 35 (81.40) | 8 (18.60) | 1.41 [1.155–1.737] | 0.001 | |
Moderate | 70 (73.68) | 25 (26.32) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 118 (69.01) | 53 (30.99) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 72 (49.32) | 74 (50.68) | Â | Â | |
Fear about the increase in deaths | Strongly disagree | 6 (66.67) | 3 (33.33) | – |  |
Disagree | 30 (85.71) | 5 (14.29) | 1.60 [1.28–2.00] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 65 (77.38) | 19 (22.62) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 113 (68.90) | 51 (31.10) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 88 (50.29) | 87 (49.71) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from distance to fellow students | Strongly disagree | 41 (74.55) | 14 (25.45) | – |  |
Disagree | 42 (73.68) | 15 (26.32) | 1.35 [1.156–1.590] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 58 (67.44) | 28 (32.56) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 110 (70.97) | 45 (29.03) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 51 (44.74) | 63 (55.26) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from impossibility of attending university | Strongly disagree | 37 (77.08) | 11 (22.92) | – |  |
Disagree | 40 (76.92) | 12 (23.08) | 1.37 [1.167–1.616] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 45 (71.43) | 18 (28.57) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 101 (64.74) | 55 (35.26) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 79 (53.38) | 69 (46.62) | Â | Â | |
Desire to contribute much more to facing the pandemic | Strongly disagree | 12 (75.0) | 4 (25.0) | – |  |
Disagree | 33 (75.0) | 11 (25.0) | 1.33 [1.095–1.636] | 0.004 | |
Moderate | 90 (69.23) | 40 (30.77) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 112 (67.88) | 53 (32.12) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 55 (49.11) | 57 (50.89) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from the impossibility of playing sports outside | Strongly disagree | 88 (65.19) | 47 (34.81) | – |  |
Disagree | 70 (69.31) | 31 (30.69) | 1.07 [0.93–1.23] | 0.317 | |
Moderate | 56 (60.22) | 37 (39.78) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 49 (70.0) | 21 (30.0) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 39 (57.35) | 29 (42.65) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from the impossibility of seeing one’s partner during the lockdown | Strongly disagree | 27 (77.14) | 8 (22.86) | – |  |
Disagree | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | 1.20 [1.004–1.450] | 0.045 | |
Moderate | 15 (88.24) | 2 (11.76) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 38 (71.70) | 15 (28.30) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 71 (55.47) | 57 (44.53) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about the possibility that the pandemic could reduce one’s concentration on academic activities | Strongly disagree | 69 (88.46) | 9 (11.54) | – |  |
Disagree | 61 (75.31) | 20 (24.69) | 1.92 [1.61–2.29] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 70 (68.63) | 32 (31.37) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 62 (61.39) | 39 (38.61) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 20 (26.32) | 56 (73.68) | Â | Â | |
Concerned that preventive measures could hinder one’s studies | Strongly disagree | 79 (81.44) | 18 (18.56) | – |  |
Disagree | 72 (75.0) | 24 (25.0) | 1.67 [1.42–1.96] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 60 (63.83) | 34 (36.17) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 52 (56.52) | 40 (43.48) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 19 (32.20) | 40 (67.80) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about returning to university | Strongly disagree | 111 (70.25) | 47 (29.75) | – |  |
Disagree | 75 (72.82) | 28 (27.18) | 1.25 [1.08–1.44] | 0.003 | |
Moderate | 41 (56.16) | 32 (43.84) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 28 (59.57) | 19 (40.43) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 27 (47.37) | 30 (52.63) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about future career because of the COVID-19 pandemic | Strongly disagree | 63 (73.26) | 23 (26.74) | – |  |
Disagree | 47 (63.51) | 27 (36.49) | 1.26 [1.09–1.46] | 0.002 | |
Moderate | 51 (64.56) | 28 (35.44) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 78 (70.27) | 33 (29.73) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 43 (48.86) | 45 (51.14) | Â | Â | |
Determined to complete studies | Strongly disagree | 16 (48.48) | 17 (51.52) | – |  |
Disagree | 34 (60.71) | 22 (39.29) | 0.81 [0.69–0.96] | 0.014 | |
Moderate | 80 (62.99) | 47 (37.01) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 73 (65.18) | 39 (34.82) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 79 (71.82) | 31 (28.18) | Â | Â | |
Feel optimistic about a solution to the pandemic | Strongly Disagree | 20 (40.82) | 29 (59.18) | Â | Â |
Disagree | 58 (59.79) | 39 (40.21) | 0.71 [0.59–0.85] | < 0.0001 | |
Moderate | 93 (65.96) | 48 (34.04) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 86 (74.14) | 30 (25.86) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 25 (71.43) | 10 (28.57) | Â | Â | |
Patient health engagement scale | 4 | 45 (85.33) | 9 (16.67) | – |  |
3 | 213 (70.07) | 91 (29.93) | 2.71 [1.923–3.846] | < 0.0001 | |
2 | 42 (44.68) | 52 (55.32) | Â | Â | |
1 | 2 (13.33) | 13 (86.67) | Â | Â | |
DEPRESSION | |||||
Variable | Category | Depression | |||
 |  | No | Yes | OR [95% CI] | p value |
 |  | N (%) | N (%) |  |  |
Total | Â | 121 (27.07) | 326 (72.93) | Â | Â |
Gender | Male | 38 | 93 | – |  |
Female | 83 | 233 | 1.15 [0.73–1.82] | 0.553 | |
 |  | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) |  |  |
Age |  | 23.18 (3.67) | 22.71 (3.39) | 0.994 [0.957–1.031] | 0.743 |
Area of residence | North | 48 (30.38) | 110 (69.62) | – |  |
Center | 25 (21.19) | 93 (78.81) | 1.21 [0.555–2.678] | 0.621 | |
South and Island | 48 (28.07) | 123 (71.93) | 0.87 [0.438–1.730] | 0.695 | |
Faculty | Other | 28 (36.84) | 48 (63.16) | – |  |
Medicine | 68 (24.46) | 210 (75.54) | 0.60 [0.694–5.291] | 0.651 | |
Psychology | 25 (26.88) | 68 (73.12) | 1.64 [0.825–.265] | 0.157 | |
Campus | (Brescia Milano Piacenza-Cremona) | 52 (31.90) | 111 (68.10) | – |  |
Rome | 69 (24.30) | 215 (75.70) | 1.49 [0.970–.297] | 0.068 | |
Lived alone during the lockdown | No | 109 (26.85) | 297 (73.15) | – |  |
Yes | 12 (29.27) | 29 (70.73) | 0.82 [0.401–1.685] | 0.740 | |
Known positive cases | No | 86 (27.65) | 225 (72.35) | – |  |
Yes | 35 (25.74) | 101 (74.26) | 1.209 [0.754–1.937] | 0.431 | |
Physical activity during the lockdown | No | 42 (33.33) | 84 (66.67) | – |  |
Yes | 79 (24.61) | 242 (75.39) | 1.57 [0.996–2.488] | 0.100 | |
Suffering from the impossibility of seeing one’s partner during the lockdown | Strongly disagree | 8 (23.53) | 26 (76.47) | – |  |
Disagree | 1 (33.33) | 2 (66.67) | 1.12 [0.937–1.354] | 0.2045 | |
Moderate | 8 (23.53) | 9 (52.94) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 16 (30.77) | 36 (69.23) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 28 (22.95) | 94 (77.059 | Â | Â | |
Concerned about COVID-19 | Strongly disagree | 4 (19.05) | 17 (80.95) | – |  |
Disagree | 31 (28.44) | 78 (71.56) | 1.01 [0.813–1.259] | 0.917 | |
Moderate | 48 (28.07) | 123 (71.93) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 34 (27.87) | 88 (72.13) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 4 (16.67) | 20 (82.33) | Â | Â | |
Pandemic feels like something distant | Strongly disagree | 81 (26.05) | 230 (73.95) | – |  |
Disagree | 31 (28.44) | 78 (71.56) | 0.94 [0.690–1.289] | 0.715 | |
Moderate | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | |||
Agree | 0 | 6 (100.0) | |||
Strongly agree | 0 | 1 (100.0) | |||
Understand preventive measures | Strongly disagree | 0 | 0 | – |  |
Disagree | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 1.19 [0.83–.69] | 0.331 | |
Moderate | 7 (46.67) | 8 (53.33) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 34 (25.56) | 99 (74.44) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 79 (26.60) | 218 (73.40) | Â | Â | |
Fear about containment of the pandemic | Strongly disagree | 6 (15.79) | 32 (84.21) | – |  |
Disagree | 32 (32.99) | 65 (67.01) | 0.97 [0.802–1.166] | 0.731 | |
Moderate | 37 (26.62) | 102 (73.38) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 32 (28.57) | 80 (71.43) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 14 (22.95) | 47 (77.05) | Â | Â | |
Fear about the increase in positive cases | Strongly disagree | 3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | – |  |
Disagree | 12 (27.91) | 31 (72.09) | 0.89 [0.724–1.098] | 0.283 | |
Moderate | 18 (19.57) | 74 (80.43) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 49 (30.25) | 113 (69.75) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 39 (28.26) | 99 (71.74) | Â | Â | |
Fear about the increase in deaths | Strongly disagree | 2 (22.22) | 7 (77.78) | – |  |
Disagree | 7 (20.0) | 28 (80.0) | 0.80 [0.64–1.10] | 0.101 | |
Moderate | 17 (20.99) | 64 (79.01) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 45 (28.85) | 45 (28.85) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 50 (30.12) | 50 (30.12) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from the distance from one’s fellow students | Strongly disagree | 17 (33.33) | 34 (66.67) | – |  |
Disagree | 21 (37.50) | 35 (62.50) | 1.15 [0.993–1.369] | 0.060 | |
Moderate | 18 (22.22) | 63 (77.78) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 42 (27.81) | 109 (72.19) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 23 (21.30) | 85 (78.70) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from the impossibility of attending university | Strongly disagree | 14 (30.43) | 32 (69.57) | – |  |
Disagree | 17 (34.69) | 32 (65.31) | 1.12 [0.957–1.313] | 0.155 | |
Moderate | 14 (24.14) | 55 (75.86) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 44 (28.95) | 108 (71.05) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 32 (22.54) | 110 (77.46) | Â | Â | |
Desire to contribute much more to facing the pandemic | Strongly disagree | 4 (25.0) | 12 (75) | – |  |
Disagree | 12 (27.27) | 32 (72.73) | 1.12 [0.921–1.379] | 0.243 | |
Moderate | 40 (32.26) | 84 (67.74) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 46 (29.68) | 109 (70.32) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 19 (17.59) | 89 (82.41) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from the impossibility of playing sports outside | Strongly disagree | 35 (27.13) | 94 (72.87) | – |  |
Disagree | 31 (32.98) | 63 (67.02) | 1.06 [0.91–1.23] | 0.424 | |
Moderate | 22 (24.44) | 68 (75.56) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 17 (24.64) | 52 (75.36) | Â | Â | |
Strongly agree | 16 (24.62) | 49 (75.38) | Â | Â | |
Suffering from the impossibility of seeing one’s partner during the lockdown | Strongly Disagree | 8 (25.53) | 26 (76.47) | – |  |
Disagree | 1 (33.33) | 2 (66.67) | 1.12 [0.937–1.354] | 0.205 | |
Moderate | 8 (47.06) | 9 (52.94) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 16 (30.77) | 36 (69.23) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 28 (22.95) | 94 (77.05) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about the possibility that the pandemic could reduce one’s concentration on academic activities | Strongly Disagree | 17 (21.79) | 61 (78.21) | – |  |
Disagree | 22 (27.16) | 59 (72.84) | 0.90 [0.77–1.06] | 0.201 | |
Moderate | 30 (29.41) | 72 (70.59) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 27 (26.73) | 74 (73.27) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 23 (30.26) | 53 (69.74) | Â | Â | |
Concerned that preventive measures could hinder one’s studies | Strongly Disagree | 19 (19.59) | 78 (80.41) | – |  |
Disagree | 23 (23.96) | 73 (76.04) | 0.88 [0.75–1.03] | 0.115 | |
Moderate | 35 (37.23) | 59 (62.77) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 27 (29.35) | 65 (70.65) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 15 (25.42) | 44 (74.58) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about returning to university | Strongly Disagree | 34 (21.52) | 124 (78.48) | – |  |
Disagree | 33 (32.04) | 70 (67.96) | 0.93 [0.80–1.09] | 0.374 | |
Moderate | 24 (32.88) | 49 (67.12) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 15 (31.91) | 32 (68.09) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 13 (22.81) | 44 (77.19) | Â | Â | |
Concerned about future career because of the COVID-19 pandemic | Strongly Disagree | 19 (22.09) | 67 (77.91) | – |  |
Disagree | 22 (29.73) | 52 (70.27) | 0.99 [0.85–1.16] | 0.956 | |
Moderate | 21 (26.58) | 58 (73.42) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 37 (33.33) | 74 (66.67) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 20 (22.73) | 68 (77.27) | Â | Â | |
Determined to complete studies | Strongly Disagree | 7 (21.21) | 26 (78.79) | – |  |
Disagree | 20 (35.71) | 36 (64.29) | 1.07 [0.89–1.27] | 0.475 | |
Moderate | 37 (29.13) | 90 (70.87) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 27 (24.11) | 85 (75.89) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 28 (25.45) | 82 (74.55) | Â | Â | |
Feeling optimistic about a solution to the pandemic | Strongly Disagree | 13 (26.53) | 36 (73.47) | – |  |
Disagree | 30 (30.93) | 67 (69.07) | 1.12 [0.93–1.36] | 0.242 | |
Moderate | 40 (28.37) | 101 (71.63) | Â | Â | |
Agree | 30 (25.86) | 86 (74.14) | Â | Â | |
Strongly Agree | 6 (17.14) | 29 (82.86) | Â | Â | |
Patient health engagement scale | 4 | 8 (15.69) | 43 (84.31) | – |  |
3 | 88 (30.03) | 205 (69.97) | 0.97 [0.69–1.33] | 0.828 | |
2 | 24 (26.97) | 65 (73.03) | Â | Â | |
1 | 1 (7.14) | 13 (92.86) | Â | Â |