From: A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population
 | # participants (% with decreased mental health status score) | Adjusted ORa [95% CI] | # participants (% with increase in depression symptoms PHQ-9 score) | Adjusted ORa [95% CI] | # participants (% with increase in anxiety symptoms GAD-7 score) | Adjusted ORa [95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1085 (38.9) | Â | 954 (16.1) | Â | 958 (13.3) | Â |
Gender | ||||||
 Male | 539 (35.4) | Ref | 480 (11.2) | Ref | 478 (10.0) | Ref |
 Female | 546 (42.3) | 1.25 [0.95–1.63] | 474 (21.1) | 1.78 [1.20–2.65] | 480 (16.5) | 1.78 [1.18–2.68] |
Age | ||||||
 [23–49] | 211 (46.0) | 1.74 [1.19–2.54] | 186 (24.7) | 2.04 [1.17–3.57] | 185 (16.2) | 1.42 [0.80–2.52] |
 [50–59] | 196 (35.7) | 1.10 [0.75–1.63] | 172 (14.5) | 1.23 [0.67–2.23] | 169 (13.0) | 1.19 [0.65–2.19] |
 [60–69] | 329 (33.4) | Ref | 291 (10.3) | Ref | 294 (9.5) | Ref |
 70 and over | 349 (41.5) | 1.52 [1.10–2.11] | 305 (17.4) | 1.83 [1.10–3.02] | 310 (15.2) | 1.71 [1.03–2.85] |
Lives alone | ||||||
 Yes | 242 (39.7) |  | 208 (22.1) | 1.78 [1.16–2.72] | 217 (16.1) |  |
 No | 816 (38.2) |  | 723 (14.1) | Ref | 717 (12.6) |  |
Personal outdoor space | ||||||
 Yes | 879 (37.0) | Ref | 779 (15.1) |  | 775 (12.3) |  |
 No | 204 (47.5) | 1.38 [1.00–1.89] | 173 (20.8) |  | 182 (17.6) |  |
Size of living space | ||||||
 30m2 per person | 150 (44.0) |  | 138 (25.4) | 1.98 [1.19–3.30] | 137 (14.6) |  |
 More than 30m2 per person | 903 (37.5) |  | 788 (14.1) | Ref | 793 (13.0) |  |
Self-perceived physical health at recruitment | ||||||
 1 to 7 | 469 (36.5) |  | 410 (18.0) |  | 404 (17.8) | 3.31 [1.84–5.95] |
 8 | 335 (39.4) |  | 307 (16.9) |  | 298 (13.1) | 2.47 [1.32–4.62] |
 9 to 10 | 278 (42.8) |  | 231 (11.3) |  | 248 (6.0) | Ref |
Self-perceived mental health at recruitment | ||||||
 1 to 7 |  |  | 348 (19.3) |  | 336 (14.9) |  |
 8 |  |  | 248 (14.5) |  | 251 (15.5) |  |
 9 to 10 |  |  | 352 (13.9) |  | 365 (10.1) |  |
Weekly time spent outdoors | ||||||
  ≤ 3 h | 832 (37.3) | Ref | 726 (15.4) |  | 727 (12.9) |  |
  + 3 h | 238 (46.2) | 1.47 [1.08–1.99] | 216 (19.0) |  | 220 (14.1) |  |
Daily screen exposure time | ||||||
  ≤ 1 h | 275 (46.9) | Ref | 234 (17.5) |  | 237 (16.5) |  |
  + 1 h | 756 (37.2) | 0.65 [0.49–0.87] | 679 (16.1) |  | 680 (12.4) |  |
Current smoker | ||||||
 Yes | 100 (40.0) |  | 87 (24.1) |  | 90 (20.0) |  |
 No | 969 (39.0) |  | 860 (15.3) |  | 860 (12.7) |  |
Housing | ||||||
 Apartment | 298 (43.3) |  | 256 (18.0) |  | 267 (14.6) |  |
 House | 715 (36.9) |  | 637 (15.9) |  | 627 (12.3) |  |
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 4) | ||||||
 Yes |  |  |  |  | 231 (19.9) |  |
 No |  |  |  |  | 643 (11.4) |  |
Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 > 4) | ||||||
 Yes |  |  | 150 (20.0) |  |  |  |
 No |  |  | 733 (15.3) |  |  |  |
Monthly household income | ||||||
 Less than €1.250 per individual | 267 (36.3) |  | 245 (21.6) |  | 229 (14.4) |  |
 More than €1.250 per individual | 637 (39.4) |  | 555 (14.4) |  | 569 (12.5) |  |
Holidays | ||||||
 Maximum once in two years | 129 (47.3) |  | 117 (23.9) |  | 107 (20.6) |  |
 More | 942 (38.0) |  | 826 (15.0) |  | 841 (12.1) |  |