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Table 3 Background and pre-lockdown living conditions as predictors of a decreased self-rated mental health, and of an increase in depression symptoms PHQ-9 score and in anxiety symptoms GAD-7 score. Result from logistic regression analysis

From: A longitudinal study of mental health before and during COVID-19 lockdown in the French population

 

# participants (% with decreased mental health status score)

Adjusted ORa

[95% CI]

# participants (% with increase in depression symptoms PHQ-9 score)

Adjusted ORa

[95% CI]

# participants (% with increase in anxiety symptoms GAD-7 score)

Adjusted ORa

[95% CI]

Total

1085 (38.9)

 

954 (16.1)

 

958 (13.3)

 

Gender

 Male

539 (35.4)

Ref

480 (11.2)

Ref

478 (10.0)

Ref

 Female

546 (42.3)

1.25 [0.95–1.63]

474 (21.1)

1.78 [1.20–2.65]

480 (16.5)

1.78 [1.18–2.68]

Age

 [23–49]

211 (46.0)

1.74 [1.19–2.54]

186 (24.7)

2.04 [1.17–3.57]

185 (16.2)

1.42 [0.80–2.52]

 [50–59]

196 (35.7)

1.10 [0.75–1.63]

172 (14.5)

1.23 [0.67–2.23]

169 (13.0)

1.19 [0.65–2.19]

 [60–69]

329 (33.4)

Ref

291 (10.3)

Ref

294 (9.5)

Ref

 70 and over

349 (41.5)

1.52 [1.10–2.11]

305 (17.4)

1.83 [1.10–3.02]

310 (15.2)

1.71 [1.03–2.85]

Lives alone

 Yes

242 (39.7)

 

208 (22.1)

1.78 [1.16–2.72]

217 (16.1)

 

 No

816 (38.2)

 

723 (14.1)

Ref

717 (12.6)

 

Personal outdoor space

 Yes

879 (37.0)

Ref

779 (15.1)

 

775 (12.3)

 

 No

204 (47.5)

1.38 [1.00–1.89]

173 (20.8)

 

182 (17.6)

 

Size of living space

 30m2 per person

150 (44.0)

 

138 (25.4)

1.98 [1.19–3.30]

137 (14.6)

 

 More than 30m2 per person

903 (37.5)

 

788 (14.1)

Ref

793 (13.0)

 

Self-perceived physical health at recruitment

 1 to 7

469 (36.5)

 

410 (18.0)

 

404 (17.8)

3.31 [1.84–5.95]

 8

335 (39.4)

 

307 (16.9)

 

298 (13.1)

2.47 [1.32–4.62]

 9 to 10

278 (42.8)

 

231 (11.3)

 

248 (6.0)

Ref

Self-perceived mental health at recruitment

 1 to 7

  

348 (19.3)

 

336 (14.9)

 

 8

  

248 (14.5)

 

251 (15.5)

 

 9 to 10

  

352 (13.9)

 

365 (10.1)

 

Weekly time spent outdoors

  ≤ 3 h

832 (37.3)

Ref

726 (15.4)

 

727 (12.9)

 

  + 3 h

238 (46.2)

1.47 [1.08–1.99]

216 (19.0)

 

220 (14.1)

 

Daily screen exposure time

  ≤ 1 h

275 (46.9)

Ref

234 (17.5)

 

237 (16.5)

 

  + 1 h

756 (37.2)

0.65 [0.49–0.87]

679 (16.1)

 

680 (12.4)

 

Current smoker

 Yes

100 (40.0)

 

87 (24.1)

 

90 (20.0)

 

 No

969 (39.0)

 

860 (15.3)

 

860 (12.7)

 

Housing

 Apartment

298 (43.3)

 

256 (18.0)

 

267 (14.6)

 

 House

715 (36.9)

 

637 (15.9)

 

627 (12.3)

 

Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 4)

 Yes

    

231 (19.9)

 

 No

    

643 (11.4)

 

Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 > 4)

 Yes

  

150 (20.0)

   

 No

  

733 (15.3)

   

Monthly household income

 Less than €1.250 per individual

267 (36.3)

 

245 (21.6)

 

229 (14.4)

 

 More than €1.250 per individual

637 (39.4)

 

555 (14.4)

 

569 (12.5)

 

Holidays

 Maximum once in two years

129 (47.3)

 

117 (23.9)

 

107 (20.6)

 

 More

942 (38.0)

 

826 (15.0)

 

841 (12.1)

 
  1. a Variable selection followed a manual backward selection process