From: Exploring factors that contribute to human trafficking in Ethiopia: a socio-ecological perspective
No | Synthesis (Themes) | Code |
---|---|---|
1 | Individual level | |
➢ Socio-demographic and economic factors | ||
• Age related aspects | ✓ Emotional decision, risk-taking behavior, unaware of brokers conspiracy | |
• Gender-related aspects | ✓ Nature of the work that restricts their movement (e.g., housemaid), unable to self-defend physical attacks for biological or other reasons | |
• Residential area-related aspects | ✓ Inaccessibility to information (by internet, Media, etc.), ✓ Inaccessibility to offices that process immigration requirements ✓ Undermining traveling hardships ✓ Considering air travel as a luxury | |
• Financial resources-related aspects | ✓ Unable to offer for safest travel and processing expenses | |
➢ Smuggling status | ✓ Being smuggled, use of employment agencies, having contractual agreement with employers before departure | |
2 | Interpersonal/relationship level | |
➢ Events on family | ✓ Divorce and family conflict | |
➢ Close relation with colleagues abroad | ✓ Considering colleagues abroad as their only role model/reference for future success (pull factor) ✓ Frequent communication with colleagues abroad (pull factor) ✓ Peer pressure from abroad (pull factor) | |
➢ Pressure from other/s | ✓ Pressure from family, colleagues at home, brokers, etc. | |
3 | Community/societal level | |
➢ Poor community attitude on what it has ➢ Poor government service provisions ➢ Focus on controlling than preventing trafficking ➢ Poor coordination in anti-trafficking efforts ➢ Political conflict ➢ Corruption ➢ Environmental Problems | ✓ Considering immigrants working abroad as heroes ✓ Being inhospitable for returnees and deported persons ✓ Illogically thinking that traveling hazards are predetermined fates for each individual ✓ Degrading some types of jobs at home and attaching low social status to them, and willing to be engaged in same jobs abroad ✓ Misunderstanding about returns from foreign jobs without the consideration of working hours allocated in the two settings ✓ Unable to get work place, lengthy bureaucratic process, unable to get farm land (mainly for youths) ✓ Focusing on border control, poor (or only campion based) intervention or awareness creation efforts on the community ✓ Poor government system in fighting trafficking, less cooperation from the community, poor law enforcement of traffickers, etc. ✓ Unsafe migration (to escape from arrest) after involvement in road side violence against government ✓ Unfair treatment of citizens (favoring for relatives or to whom bribe officials by money, etc.), releasing brokers arrested, etc. ✓ Draught and poor crop production | |
4 | Raised at all levels of SEM | |
• Lack of trust and belief in building future welfare in home-country | ✓ Perceived no hope by working at home-country ✓ Loss of trust and belief in home country opportunities ✓ Perceived oversea life is the only way-out for better life ✓ Attitude of having a relative abroad as a measure of status | |
• Poverty | ✓ Narrow option for livelihood, opportunities, or basic services ✓ Mistreatment as a human being and freedom of expression |