Characteristics | Low (score 10-15) | Moderate to Very High (score 16-50) | Unadjusted analyses | Adjusted analyses | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p | ORs | 95% CIs | p | AORs | 95% CIs | |
Age groups | 2434 | 32.1 | 5157 | 67.9 | ||||||
18-29 years | 775 | 21.1 | 2884 | 78.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
30-59 | 1429 | 39.7 | 2170 | 60.3 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.37-0.45 | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.41-0.61 |
≥60 years | 230 | 69.1 | 103 | 30.9 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.08-0.15 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.09-0.23 |
Gender | 2622 | 31.1 | 5810 | 68.9 | ||||||
Male | 1100 | 36.7 | 1898 | 63.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Female | 1522 | 28 | 3912 | 71.9 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.36-1.64 | 0.003 | 1.31 | 1.09-1.57 |
Born in the same country of residence | 2611 | 31 | 5807 | 68.9 | ||||||
No | 421 | 32.7 | 864 | 67.2 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 2190 | 30.7 | 4943 | 69.3 | 0.118 | 1.06 | 0.96-1.18 | 0.193 | 1.18 | 0.92-1.52 |
Living status | 2609 | 31.1 | 5790 | 68.9 | ||||||
Live without family members | 608 | 32.1 | 1289 | 67.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Live with family members | 2001 | 30.9 | 4501 | 69.2 | 0.133 | 1.09 | 0.97-1.24 | 0.064 | 1.25 | 0.99-1.56 |
Highest educational/vocational qualification | 2603 | 30.9 | 5803 | 69.03 | ||||||
Primary/Grade 1 to 6 | 20 | 33.9 | 39 | 66.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Secondary/Higher Secondary/Grade 7 to 12 | 373 | 24.2 | 1168 | 75.8 | 0.100 | 1.61 | 0.91-2.83 | 0.375 | 0.53 | 0.13-2.14 |
Certificate/Diploma/Trade qualifications | 269 | 30.9 | 601 | 68.1 | 0.605 | 1.16 | 0.65-2.06 | 0.231 | 0.43 | 0.11-1.72 |
Bachelor/Masters/PhD | 1941 | 32.7 | 3995 | 67.3 | 0.848 | 1.06 | 0.61-1.84 | 0.247 | 0.44 | 0.11-1.75 |
Current employment condition | 2565 | 31.4 | 5597 | 68.5 | ||||||
Unemployed/Housewife/Home maker/Home duties (No source of income) | 242 | 37.6 | 401 | 62.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss) | 1499 | 36.4 | 2623 | 63.6 | 0.481 | 1.06 | 0.89-1.26 | No estimates due to small number | ||
Have an income source (employed/Government benefits) | 824 | 24.3 | 2573 | 75.4 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 1.58-2.25 | 0.003 | 1.35 | 1.10-1.63 |
Perceived distress due to change of employment status | 2317 | 30.5 | 5300 | 69.6 | ||||||
A little to none | 1735 | 36.8 | 2970 | 63.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Moderate to a great deal | 582 | 19.9 | 2330 | 80.01 | <0.001 | 2.38 | 2.1-2.61 | <0.001 | 1.56 | 1.29-1.90 |
Improved working situation due to change of employment status | 1730 | 29.7 | 4092 | 70.3 | ||||||
A little to none | 1373 | 30.6 | 3100 | 69.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Moderate to a great deal | 357 | 26.5 | 992 | 73.5 | 0.022 | 1.23 | 1.07-1.41 | 0.723 | 0.97 | 0.80-1.18 |
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker | 2621 | 31.1 | 5823 | 68.9 | ||||||
No | 1588 | 31.6 | 3437 | 68.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 1033 | 30.2 | 2386 | 69.7 | 0.084 | 1.07 | 0.98-1.19 | 0.830 | 0.98 | 0.79-1.21 |
Self-identification as a healthcare worker | 1874 | 29.8 | 4416 | 70.2 | ||||||
No | 1072 | 27.8 | 2771 | 72.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes, doctor | 261 | 29.4 | 626 | 70.6 | 0.291 | 0.92 | 0.78-1.08 | 0.028 | 1.43 | 1.04-1.97 |
Yes, nurse | 395 | 38.3 | 637 | 61.7 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.54-0.72 | 0.375 | 1.13 | 0.86-1.5 |
Yes, other healthcare worker | 146 | 27.6 | 382 | 72.4 | 0.893 | 1.01 | 0.82-1.25 | 0.521 | 1.11 | 0.81-1.52 |
COVID-19 impacted financial situation | 2634 | 31.1 | 5845 | 68.9 | ||||||
No impact | 1479 | 39.2 | 2297 | 60.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes, impacted positively | 292 | 28.7 | 725 | 71.3 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.37-1.86 | 0.330 | 1.14 | 0.88-1.48 |
Yes, impacted negatively | 863 | 23.4 | 2823 | 76.6 | <0.001 | 2.10 | 1.89-2.32 | 0.770 | 1.03 | 0.84-1.27 |
Affected by the change in financial situation | 1814 | 29.6 | 4308 | 70.4 | ||||||
Not at all | 690 | 49.4 | 707 | 50.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Unsure | 268 | 29.4 | 644 | 70.6 | <0.001 | 2.35 | 1.96-2.80 | <0.001 | 1.69 | 1.32-2.16 |
Somewhat | 710 | 25.6 | 2060 | 74.4 | <0.001 | 2.83 | 2.47-3.24 | <0.001 | 1.64 | 1.32-2.03 |
A great extent | 146 | 14 | 897 | 86 | <0.001 | 5.99 | 4.89-7.35 | <0.001 | 2.36 | 1.72-3.23 |
Co-morbidities | 2601 | 31.1 | 5770 | 68.9 | ||||||
No | 1926 | 32.3 | 4020 | 67.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Psychiatric/Mental health problem | 31 | 8.7 | 327 | 91.3 | <0.001 | 5.04 | 3.47-7.32 | 0.019 | 3.02 | 1.20-7.60 |
Other co-morbidities* | 644 | 31.2 | 1423 | 68.8 | 0.436 | 1.04 | 0.94-1.17 | 0.147 | 1.30 | 0.91-1.82 |
Co-morbidities | 2465 | 30.9 | 5502 | 69.1 | ||||||
No | 1926 | 32.4 | 4020 | 67.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Single co-morbidity | 411 | 26.6 | 1136 | 73.4 | 0.001 | 1.32 | 1.17-1.50 | 0.859 | 0.97 | 0.67-1.40 |
Multiple co-morbidities | 128 | 27 | 346 | 73 | 0.114 | 1.30 | 1.05-1.60 | No estimates due to small number | ||
Perceived status of own mental health | 1874 | 29.8 | 4416 | 70.2 | ||||||
Poor to Fair | 131 | 7.5 | 1622 | 92.5 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Good to Excellent | 1743 | 38.4 | 2794 | 61.6 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.11-0.16 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.13-0.22 |
Smoking | 2634 | 31.1 | 5846 | 68.9 | ||||||
Never smoker | 2226 | 32.3 | 4668 | 67.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex) | 408 | 25.7 | 1178 | 74.3 | <0.001 | 1.38 | 1.22-1.56 | 0.434 | 1.10 | 0.87-1.39 |
Increased smoking over the last 6 months | 206 | 20.3 | 808 | 79.7 | ||||||
No | 151 | 28.2 | 384 | 71.9 | Ref | Not included in multivariate model | ||||
Yes | 55 | 11.5 | 424 | 88.5 | <0.000 | 3.03 | 2.16-4.25 | |||
Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks) | 2583 | 30.9 | 5755 | 69.02 | ||||||
No | 2314 | 31.2 | 5104 | 68.7 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 269 | 29.2 | 651 | 70.7 | 0.199 | 1.10 | 0.95-1.28 | 0.069 | 1.29 | 0.99-1.68 |
Increased alcohol drinking over the last 6 months | 266 | 29.2 | 645 | 70.8 | ||||||
No | 235 | 36.9 | 404 | 63.2 | Ref | Not included in multivariate model | ||||
Yes | 31 | 11.4 | 241 | 88.6 | <0.001 | 4.52 | 3.01-6.80 | |||
Contact with known/suspected case of COVID-19 | 2574 | 30.9 | 5743 | 69.1 | ||||||
No | 1754 | 35.9 | 3127 | 64.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Unsure | 141 | 19.9 | 567 | 80.1 | <0.001 | 2.26 | 1.85-2.73 | <0.001 | 1.80 | 1.36-2.40 |
Yes, had indirect contact | 223 | 23.4 | 729 | 76.5 | <0.001 | 1.83 | 1.55-2.16 | 0.019 | 1.32 | 1.04-1.67 |
Yes, provided direct care | 456 | 25.6 | 1320 | 74.3 | <0.001 | 1.63 | 1.44-1.85 | 0.814 | 1.03 | 0.81-1.30 |
Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic | 2518 | 30.9 | 5631 | 69.1 | ||||||
No known exposure to COVID-19 | 2095 | 33.2 | 4224 | 66.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Tested positive for COVID-19 | 124 | 25.2 | 369 | 74.8 | <0.001 | 1.48 | 1.2-1.82 | 0.988 | 1.00 | 0.72-1.38 |
Tested negative for COVID-19 by self-isolated | 256 | 22.6 | 876 | 77.3 | <0.001 | 1.69 | 1.45-1.97 | 0.086 | 1.24 | 0.97-1.58 |
Had recent overseas travel history and was in quarantine | 43 | 20.9 | 162 | 79.02 | 0.002 | 1.87 | 1.32-2.62 | 0.696 | 1.12 | 0.64-1.93 |
Self-identification as a patient (visited a healthcare provider in the last 6 months) | 2579 | 31.1 | 5719 | 68.9 | ||||||
No | 1945 | 35.1 | 3606 | 64.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 634 | 23.1 | 2113 | 76.9 | <0.001 | 1.80 | 1.61-2.00 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 1.40-1.99 |
Healthcare service use in the last 6 months | 646 | 23.7 | 2079 | 76.3 | ||||||
In-person visit to a healthcare provider | 493 | 26.1 | 1401 | 73.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Telehealth consultation/Use of national helpline | 120 | 18.9 | 516 | 81.1 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.21-1.89 | Not included in multivariate model | ||
Used both services | 33 | 16.9 | 162 | 83.1 | 0.005 | 1.72 | 1.17-2.54 | |||
Level of fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S categories) | 2634 | 31.1 | 5845 | 68.9 | ||||||
Low (score 7-21) | 2328 | 36.3 | 4088 | 63.7 | Ref | Ref | ||||
High (score 22-35) | 306 | 14.8 | 1757 | 85.2 | <0.001 | 3.27 | 2.87-3.73 | <0.001 | 3.26 | 2.57-4.13 |
Level of coping (BRCS categories) | 2633 | 31.1 | 5840 | 68.9 | ||||||
Low resilient copers (score 4-13) | 1011 | 27.6 | 2648 | 72.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Medium to high resilient copers (score 14-20) | 1622 | 33.7 | 3192 | 66.3 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.69-0.82 | 0.637 | 0.96 | 0.81-1.14 |
Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 6 months | 2560 | 31 | 5697 | 69 | ||||||
No | 2422 | 33.7 | 4754 | 66.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 138 | 12.8 | 943 | 69 | <0.001 | 3.48 | 2.89-4.19 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 1.45-2.72 |