Characteristics | Low (score 7-21) | High (score 22-35) | Unadjusted analyses | Adjusted analyses | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p | ORs | 95% CIs | p | AORs | 95% CIs | |
Age groups | 5710 | 75.20 | 1886 | 24.8 | ||||||
18-29 years | 2777 | 75.8 | 883 | 24.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
30-59 years | 2661 | 73.8 | 942 | 26.1 | 0.047 | 1.11 | 1.00-1.24 | 0.004 | 1.35 | 1.10-1.64 |
≥60 years | 272 | 81.6 | 61 | 18.3 | 0.017 | 0.71 | 0.53-0.94 | 0.184 | 1.40 | 0.86-2.30 |
Gender | 6383 | 75.6 | 2055 | 24.4 | ||||||
Male | 2305 | 76.8 | 695 | 23.20 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Female | 4078 | 74.9 | 1360 | 25.1 | 0.059 | 1.11 | 0.99-1.23 | 0.001 | 1.51 | 1.25-1.83 |
Born in the same country of residence | 6365 | 75.5 | 2059 | 24.4 | ||||||
No | 933 | 72.4 | 355 | 27.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 5432 | 76.1 | 1704 | 23.8 | 0.005 | 0.82 | 0.72-0.94 | 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.51-0.85 |
Living status | 6354 | 75.6 | 2050 | 24.4 | ||||||
Live without family members | 1322 | 69.6 | 577 | 30.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Live with family members | 5032 | 77.4 | 1473 | 22.6 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.6-0.75 | 0.431 | 1.10 | 0.86-1.41 |
Highest educational/vocational qualification | 6359 | 75.6 | 2052 | 24.4 | ||||||
Primary/Grade 1 to 6 | 47 | 79.6 | 12 | 20.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Secondary/Higher Secondary/Grade 7 to 12 | 1176 | 76.3 | 366 | 23.7 | 0.547 | 1.22 | 0.64-2.32 | 0.569 | 1.41 | 0.44-4.55 |
Certificate/Diploma/Trade qualifications | 626 | 71.8 | 245 | 28.1 | 0.198 | 1.53 | 0.8-2.93 | 0.298 | 1.87 | 0.57-6.09 |
Bachelor/Masters/PhD | 4510 | 75.9 | 1429 | 24.1 | 0.506 | 1.24 | 0.66-2.35 | 0.689 | 1.27 | 0.40-4.05 |
Current employment condition | 6174 | 75.6 | 1994 | 24.4 | ||||||
Unemployed/Housewife/Home maker/Home duties (No source of income) | 433 | 67.3 | 210 | 32.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss) | 3304 | 80.1 | 821 | 19.9 | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.42-0.61 | No estimate due to small number | ||
Have an income source (employed/Government benefits) | 2437 | 71.7 | 963 | 28.3 | 0.026 | 0.81 | 0.68-0.98 | 0.588 | 1.05 | 0.87-1.27 |
Perceived distress due to change of employment status | 5772 | 75.7 | 1847 | 24.2 | ||||||
A little to none | 3767 | 80.1 | 939 | 19.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Moderate to a great deal | 2005 | 68.8 | 908 | 31.2 | <0.001 | 1.82 | 1.63-2.02 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 1.27-1.82 |
Improved working situation due to change of employment status | 4570 | 78.5 | 1251 | 21.5 | ||||||
A little to none | 3566 | 79.7 | 906 | 20.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Moderate to a great deal | 1004 | 74.4 | 345 | 25.6 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.17-1.56 | 0.401 | 1.08 | 0.9-1.32 |
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker | 6398 | 75.7 | 2052 | 24.3 | ||||||
No | 3839 | 76.3 | 1191 | 23.7 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 2559 | 74.8 | 861 | 25.2 | 0.115 | 1.08 | 0.99-1.2 | 0.001 | 1.47 | 1.20-1.82 |
Self-identification as a healthcare worker | 4950 | 78.7 | 1339 | 21.3 | ||||||
No | 2990 | 77.8 | 853 | 22.2 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes, doctor | 712 | 80.4 | 174 | 19.6 | 0.096 | 0.86 | 0.71-1.03 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.41-0.76 |
Yes, nurse | 838 | 81.2 | 194 | 18.8 | 0.018 | 0.81 | 0.68-0.97 | 0.053 | 0.75 | 0.56-1.01 |
Yes, other healthcare worker | 410 | 77.6 | 118 | 22.4 | 0.937 | 1.01 | 0.81-1.26 | 0.131 | 0.79 | 0.58-1.07 |
COVID-19 impacted financial situation | 6418 | 75.6 | 2066 | 24.4 | ||||||
No impact | 3053 | 80.8 | 725 | 19.2 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes, impacted positively | 768 | 75.5 | 249 | 24.5 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 1.16-1.61 | 0.075 | 1.29 | 0.98-1.70 |
Yes, impacted negatively | 2597 | 70.4 | 1092 | 29.6 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 1.6-1.97 | 0.004 | 1.36 | 1.11-1.68 |
Affected by the change in financial situation | 4813 | 78.6 | 1308 | 21.4 | ||||||
Not at all | 1201 | 85.9 | 196 | 14 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Unsure | 724 | 79.4 | 188 | 20.6 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.28-1.98 | 0.149 | 1.23 | 0.93-1.64 |
Somewhat | 2169 | 78.3 | 600 | 21.7 | <0.001 | 1.69 | 1.42-2.02 | 0.033 | 1.32 | 1.02-1.08 |
A great extent | 719 | 68.9 | 324 | 31.1 | <0.001 | 2.76 | 2.26-3.37 | 0.021 | 1.44 | 1.06-1.96 |
Co-morbidities | 6345 | 75.7 | 2032 | 24.3 | ||||||
No | 4645 | 78.1 | 1303 | 21.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Psychiatric/Mental health problem | 248 | 68.7 | 113 | 31.3 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.29-2.05 | 0.984 | 1.00 | 0.64-1.60 |
Other co-morbidities* | 1452 | 70.2 | 616 | 29.8 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.35-1.7 | 0.001 | 1.71 | 1.25-2.32 |
Co-morbidities | 6059 | 76.1 | 1910 | 23.9 | ||||||
No | 4645 | 78.1 | 1303 | 21.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Single co-morbidity | 1096 | 70.9 | 451 | 29.2 | <0.001 | 1.47 | 1.29-1.66 | 0.021 | 0.69 | 0.51-0.95 |
Multiple co-morbidities | 318 | 67.1 | 156 | 32.9 | <0.001 | 1.75 | 1.43-2.14 | No estimate due to small number | ||
Perceived status of own mental health | 4950 | 78.7 | 1339 | 21.3 | ||||||
Poor to Fair | 1190 | 67.9 | 563 | 32.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Good to Excellent | 3760 | 82.9 | 776 | 17.1 | <0.001 | 0.44 | 0.39-0.5 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.60-0.86 |
Smoking | 6420 | 75.6 | 2065 | 24.3 | ||||||
Never smoker | 5251 | 76.1 | 1647 | 23.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex) | 1169 | 73.6 | 418 | 26.3 | 0.039 | 1.14 | 1.01-1.30 | 0.708 | 1.04 | 0.84-1.31 |
Increased smoking over the last 6 months | 758 | 74.7 | 256 | 25.3 | ||||||
No | 418 | 78.1 | 117 | 21.9 | Ref | Not included in multivariate model | ||||
Yes | 340 | 70.9 | 139 | 29 | 0.009 | 1.46 | 1.1-1.94 | |||
Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks) | 6309 | 75.6 | 2035 | 24.4 | ||||||
No | 5646 | 76.1 | 1776 | 23.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 663 | 71.9 | 259 | 28.1 | 0.006 | 1.24 | 1.07-1.45 | 0.038 | 1.33 | 1.02-1.73 |
Increased alcohol drinking over the last 6 months | 658 | 72.1 | 255 | 27.9 | ||||||
No | 511 | 79.7 | 130 | 20.3 | Ref | Not included in multivariate model | ||||
Yes | 147 | 54.1 | 125 | 45.9 | <0.001 | 3.34 | 2.46-4.54 | |||
Contact with known/suspected case of COVID-19 | 6292 | 75.6 | 2031 | 24.4 | ||||||
No | 3769 | 771 | 1117 | 22.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Unsure | 488 | 68.8 | 221 | 31.2 | <0.001 | 1.53 | 1.29-1.82 | 0.006 | 1.41 | 1.10-1.80 |
Yes, had indirect contact | 722 | 75.8 | 230 | 24.2 | 0.384 | 1.07 | 0.92-1.26 | 0.713 | 1.04 | 0.86-1.35 |
Yes, provided direct care | 1313 | 73.9 | 463 | 26.1 | 0.007 | 1.19 | 1.04-1.35 | 0.782 | 0.97 | 0.76-1.23 |
Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic | 6155 | 75.5 | 2000 | 24.5 | ||||||
No known exposure to COVID-19 | 4833 | 76.4 | 1490 | 23.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Tested positive for COVID-19 | 391 | 79.2 | 103 | 20.8 | 0.170 | 0.85 | 0.68-1.07 | 0.175 | 0.80 | 0.57-1.11 |
Tested negative for COVID-19 by self-isolated | 791 | 69.8 | 342 | 30.2 | <0.001 | 1.40 | 1.22-1.61 | 0.336 | 1.12 | 0.89-1.41 |
Had recent overseas travel history and was in quarantine | 140 | 68.3 | 65 | 31.7 | 0.007 | 1.51 | 1.12-2.03 | 0.808 | 0.93 | 0.54-1.61 |
Self-identification as a patient (visited a healthcare provider in the last 6 months) | 6273 | 75.5 | 2031 | 24.5 | ||||||
No | 4247 | 76.5 | 1308 | 23.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 2026 | 73.7 | 723 | 26.3 | 0.006 | 1.16 | 1.04-1.29 | 0.217 | 0.90 | 0.76-1.06 |
Healthcare service use in the last 6 months | 1973 | 72.4 | 754 | 27.6 | ||||||
In-person visit to a healthcare provider | 1413 | 74.5 | 483 | 25.5 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Telehealth consultation/Use of national helpline | 426 | 66.9 | 210 | 33 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.19-1.75 | Not included in multivariate model | ||
Used both services | 134 | 68.7 | 61 | 31.3 | 0.079 | 1.33 | 0.97-1.83 | |||
Level of psychological distress (K10 categories) | 6416 | 75.7 | 2063 | 24.3 | ||||||
Low (score 10-15) | 2328 | 88.4 | 306 | 11.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Moderate to Very High (score 16-50) | 4088 | 69.9 | 1757 | 30.1 | <0.001 | 3.26 | 2.87-3.72 | <0.001 | 3.36 | 2.67-4.23 |
Level of coping (BRCS categories) | 6418 | 75.7 | 2061 | 24.3 | ||||||
Low resilient copers (score 4-13) | 2647 | 72.2 | 1018 | 27.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Medium to high resilient copers (score 14-20) | 3771 | 78.3 | 1043 | 21.7 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.65-0.80 | <0.001 | 0.74 | 0.63-0.87 |
Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 6 months | 6243 | 75.6 | 2020 | 24.5 | ||||||
No | 5595 | 77.9 | 1587 | 22.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 648 | 59.9 | 433 | 40.1 | <0.001 | 2.35 | 2.06-2.70 | <0.001 | 2.42 | 1.96-3.01 |