Qualitative Themes | Qualitative Findings | Quantitative Survey Items | Quantitative Findings | Mixed Methods Interpretation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort (N) | Mean/Proportion | p-value* | ||||
Barriers to adhering to recommendations | China: Participants acknowledged recommendations but cited difficulty following them due to restrictions in the physical environment, unconscious habits, demands of daily life | Intent to comply score (Range: 1–5) | China (N = 55) | Mean = 4.19 (SD = 0.6) | < 0.01 | While both countries’ intent to follow recommendations was high based on the quantitative analyses, the U.S. intent was higher Qualitative analyses identified cultural differences in response to cough etiquette recommendations as the primary cause of the difference seen |
U.S.: Participants reported following recommendations themselves but noted that others around them did not follow public health recommendations | U.S (N = 57) | Mean = 4.46 (SD = 0.47) | ||||
Thoughts and comments on COVID-19 vaccine | China: Participants express a ‘safety-first’ mentality towards vaccine development | Overall tendency towards COVID-19 vaccination (Range: 1–5) | China (N = 22) | Mean = 4.25 (SD = 0.36) | 0.343 | Based on quantitative results, both groups showed very supportive attitudes towards vaccination Differences driving skepticism was found in qualitative responses |
U.S.: Participants express concern over efficacy of the vaccine due to the fast-track development and deployment | U.S (N = 21) | Mean = 4.43 (SD = 0.79) | ||||
Perspectives on reopening | China: Participants report a more global perspective to reopening, citing ‘we’ will all be ‘ok’ if others do better | Trust score towards national/federal government (Range: 1–5) | China (N = 56) | Mean = 4.3 (SD = 0.89) | < 0.001 | Quantitative and qualitative responses indicated different outbreak stages two groups were experiencing might have impacted their perceptions towards reopening. By the time of survey, the outbreak was under control in China while U.S. started to surge. U.S. participants had lower overall trust towards the government than their Chinese counterparts, although both samples challenged the timing of reopening |
U. S (N = 57) | Mean = 2.39 (SD = 1.1) | |||||
U.S.: Participants express widespread concern that the U.S. is reopening too soon and cite the need for a comprehensive plan for reopening from the government with strong political undertone | Trust score towards local government (Range: 1–5) | China (N = 54) | Mean = 4.17 (SD = 1) | < 0.001 | ||
U. S (N = 57) | Mean = 3.53 (SD = 0.97) | |||||
Change of COVID-19 messaging consumptions | China: Diversifying information sources and turning to new information tools | Have changed ways of consuming COVID-19 related news (Yes/No) | China (N = 56) | 19% | < 0.001 | Quantitatively, more U.S. participants changed their news consumption because of COVID. Both groups relied primarily on internet sources Qualitatively, both groups expressed seeking news from a broader array of sources to determine ‘real’ news |
U.S.: Turning to new information sources, being more cautious about information and consuming new more now than prior to pandemic | U.S (N = 57) | 54% | ||||
COVID-19 pandemic related information | China: Participants were ambiguous in identifying the origins of the COVID-19 virus. Some demonstrated unclear identification of viral origins and/or index case(s) | Overall COVID-19 knowledge Score (Range: 0–7) | China (N = 34) | Mean = 4.68 (SD = 1.55) | 0.021 | Both quantitative and qualitative analyses suggested COVID-19 pandemic related information was not clear to all respondents Differences were most robust with regards to the origin of virus. This may be related to perceptions rather than knowledge, particularly in the context of the evolving knowledge about the virus |
U.S.: Participants objectively reported their perceptions of COVID-19 pandemic origins- geographically as beginning in Wuhan, China with likely zoonotic transmission | U. S (N = 24) | Mean = 5.42 (SD = 0.78) |