Table 2 Analysis of PPEs based on the governance typology for public private engagement in the nutrition sector (MSMEs – micro, small, and medium sized enterprises)
PPE Project | Form of food industry and civil society engagement (Rules on exercising institutional power) | Type of food industry actors engaged (Pre-existing power structures and interests) | Substantive policy focus of engagement | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degree of participation in formal decision-making (Extent of institutional power granted to stakeholders) | Stage(s) of policy cycle (When and where institutional power can be exercised) | Product portfolios for profit (Interests) | Size (Economic power) | Function (Other sources of power) | ||||
Food industry | Civil society | Food industry | Civil society | |||||
Food Standards Agency Strategy (2003–2010, United Kingdom) | Direct involvement | Consultation | Policy formulation, Implementation, Monitoring | Policy formulation, Implementation | Actors that profit from sales of ultra-processed products | Transnational companies, local large, MSMEs | Manufacturers, retailers, caterers, peak organisations | Product reformulation, front-of-pack labelling, public awareness raising |
Public Health Responsibility Deal (Food) (2011–2015, United Kingdom) | Collaboration | Collaboration | Policy formulation, implementation, monitoring | Policy formulation, monitoring | Actors that profit from sales of ultra-processed products | Transnational companies, local large, MSMEs | Manufacturers, retailers, caterers, peak organisations | Product reformulation, reduced portion size, new product development, responsible marketing and promotion, and disclosure of information. |
Less Salt, More Life (2009–2014, Argentina) | Empowerment | Collaboration | Policy formulation, implementation | Policy formulation, monitoring | Actors that profit from sales of ultra-processed products | Transnationals, large local companies, MSMEs | Manufacturers | Product reformulation |
Food and Health Dialogue (2009–2015, Australia) | Collaboration | Collaboration | Policy formulation, implementation, monitoring | Policy formulation, monitoring | Actors that profit from sales of ultra-processed products | Transnational companies, local large, MSMEs | Manufacturers, retailers, peak organisations | Product reformulation |
Healthy Food Partnership (2015 to present, Australia) | Collaboration | Collaboration | Policy formulation, implementation, monitoring | Policy formulation, monitoring | Actors that profit from sales of ultra-processed products | Transnational companies, local large, MSMEs | Manufacturers, retailers, peak organisations | Product reformulation, public awareness raising. |
HOME GR/OWN (2013 to present, USA) | Direct involvement | Direct involvement | Policy formulation, implementation | Policy formulation | Only actors that do not profit from sales of ultra-processed products | MSMEs | Producers | Access to fresh food |