Table 2 Consensus and correlation values

1. GHG performance in the current Covid-19 pandemic focusing on Covid 19 vaccines

M=

SD=

Generate a collective response to meet the need for the Covid-19 vaccine

3.9

1.2

− 0.344

− 0.421*

− 0.163

− 0.569**

− 0.359

Manage Covid-19 vaccine production

3.8

1.3

− 0.123

− 0.294

− 0.169

− 0.491

− 0.052

Manage Covid-19 vaccine procurement

3.7

1.0

− 0.523**

− 0.433*

− 0.260

− 0.587**

− 0.371

Manage Covid-19 vaccine distribution

3.4

1.2

− 0.364

− 0.279

− 0.123

− 0.559**

− 0.397*

Produce inclusive decisions and guidelines for Covid-19 vaccines

4.9

1.0

0.028

− 0.161

− 0.083

− 0.434*

− 0.063

Produce clear policies and guidelines for countries

4.6

1.1

0.011

0.030

− 0.201

− 0.029

0.073

Produce feasible policies and guidelines for every nation

3.8

1.2

− 0.202

− 0.110

− 0.110

− 0.221

− 0.118

Facilitate global solidarity through managing Covid-19 vaccine (production, procurement and distribution)

3.3

1.2

− 0.053

− 0.245

− 0.149

− 0.451*

− 0.003

GHG overall performance

3.6

0.9

− 0.180

− 0.314

− 0.143

− 0.589**

− 0.164

2. GHG performance in Covid-19 Vaccine Equity

Covid-19 vaccine production (manufacturing) ensured equity across nations in securing the vaccine for their populations

2.5

1.3

− 0.352

− 0.414*

− 0.097

− 0.605**

− 0.341

There is an equal opportunity for every nation to procure the needed amount of Covid-19 vaccines to cover its population

2.2

1.3

− 0.368

− 0.460*

− 0.051

− 0.663**

− 0.327

The Covid-19 vaccine is equitably distributed among nations

2.1

0.9

− 0.483*

− 0.354

− 0.132

− 0.583**

− 0.422*

Using digital and medical technology can enhance Covid-19 vaccine equity

4.4

1.2

0.139

0.059

0.064

− 0.282

0.048

COVAX initiative enhances Covid-19 vaccine equity

4.4

1.2

− 0.018

− 0.126

− 0.213

− 0.307

− 0.093

Actors bared in mind the collective benefit of their actions

3.0

0.9

0.039

0.088

0.254

− 0.306

− 0.033

Actors showed solidarity actions in their decisions regarding the Covid-19 vaccine

3.0

1.0

− 0.036

0.007

0.077

− 0.360

− 0.227

3. Factors affecting countries’ ability to acquire Covid-19 vaccines

Having the knowledge and technology to develop or produce the vaccine

5.0

1.1

0.180

0.327

− 0.148

0.065

0.144

Level of economic and political power a country holds

6.0

0.8

− 0.201

− 0.113

0.075

0.255

0.046

The country’s health system’s capacity to handle the Covid-19 vaccine

5.1

1.1

− 0.225

0.138

0.276

0.013

− 0.112

Bilateral deals to acquire Covid-19 vaccine

4.9

1.2

− 0.060

0.045

0.347

− 0.057

− 0.156

The COVAX initiative

4.1

1.1

0.093

− 0.101

0.200

− 0.313

0.017

Pharmaceutical companies’ interest in financial gain

6.2

1.1

0.156

0.088

0.117

0.611**

0.124

Laws on intellectual property rights

4.5

1.5

− 0.267

0.019

0.164

− 0.109

− 0.141

Country’s representation and influence in GHG

4.8

1.4

− 0.100

0.020

0.295

0.018

0.200

4. GHG structure and the achievement of Covid-19 equity

It is not clear which GHG actor holds the stewardship position (setting priorities, building consensus, setting rules, and evaluating members)

4.6

1.1

0.078

− 0.055

0.029

0.037

− 0.053

The GHG structure is loose with no specified roles and accountability measures

5.1

1.2

0.334

0.318

− 0.094

0.596**

0.385*

Authority is better to be centralized in GHG to ensure the better authority

4.3

1.3

0.093

− 0.175

0.776**

− 0.245

− 0.197

Better representation of countries from the global south in GHG to ensure equity

6.2

0.9

0.148

0.206

− 0.025

0.524**

0.186

Develop a mechanism to monitor the influence of private actors and non-governmental financing organizations in policymaking

6.0

0.9

0.313

0.354

− 0.113

0.542**

0.276

The World Health Organization should have more authority

4.9

1.5

0.122

− 0.068

0.075

− 0.165

− 0.018

WHO should focus on its technical role of providing guidelines

4.8

1.5

− 0.173

− 0.222

0.197

0.022

− 0.291

The role of the World Health Organization should change

5.4

1.2

0.116

0.150

− 0.039

0.089

0.196

United Nations headquarter should hold the stewardship position in GHG

3.6

1.5

− 0.058

− 0.142

0.483*

− 0.012

0.026

Global NGOs should have authority in GHG

3.9

1.5

− 0.127

0.014

− 0.052

0.262

0.081

5. Laws and regulations of GHG

The legal instruments in GHG assure legal accountability of actors

3.3

1.1

− 0.398*

− 0.535**

− 0.208

− 0.447*

− 0.355

The legal instruments in GHG ensure health equity

3.1

1.2

− 0.303

− 0.431*

− 0.202

− 0.429*

− 0.337

International Health Regulations (IHRs) need to be updated

6.1

0.8

0.354

0.439*

− 0.089

0.199

0.484*

IHRs need better enforcement

6.4

0.7

0.446*

0.367

0.153

0.054

0.264

More laws and regulations are needed to regulate actors, their contributions and their interaction

5.5

1.2

0.066

0.048

0.396*

0.168

0.191

6. Underlying values and priorities in managing Covid-19 vaccines

Human rights and the right to health are the main values considered by GHG actors concerning the Covid-19 vaccine

3.9

1.2

− 0.089

− 0.016

0.006

− 0.150

− 0.242

Market-oriented health norms are affecting GHG decisions and actions concerning Covid-19 vaccines

5.6

1.0

0.201

0.021

− 0.159

0.233

0.162

Health as a common good. This concept is being considered in decisions concerning Covid-19 vaccine distribution

3.7

1.0

− 0.196

− 0.122

− 0.101

− 0.563**

− 0.392*

The vulnerability of countries is considered in Covid-19 vaccine distribution to limit the spread of the disease.

2.8

1.0

− 0.124

− 0.085

− 0.089

− 0.457*

− 0.214

7.1 Who makes / influences decisions regarding the Covid-19 vaccine?

WHO - World Health organization

4.2

1.1

0.199

0.327

0.399*

− 0.056

0.187

UNICEF - United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

3.2

1.2

− 0.012

0.221

0.113

0.016

0.111

GAVI - Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

4.2

1.4

0.120

0.285

0.199

0.137

0.200

CEPI - Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

3.7

1.1

− 0.031

0.473*

− 0.085

0.413

0.262

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

4.4

1.1

0.034

0.170

− 0.138

0.074

0.019

The World Bank

4.2

1.3

0.263

0.360

0.274

0.028

0.315

Research agencies

3.4

1.1

0.134

0.175

− 0.167

− 0.064

0.204

Vaccine manufacturers

5.7

1.2

0.217

0.502**

0.092

0.618**

0.417*

Governments

5.5

1.1

− 0.081

− 0.149

− 0.111

− 0.260

− 0.246

Non-governmental Organizations

2.8

0.7

− 0.094

− 0.089

0.055

− 0.127

− 0.130

7.2 What forms of power do they invoke?

Political influence

5.7

1.1

0.478*

0.221

0.082

0.136

0.494**

Economic power (market and trade relations, material capital)

6.1

0.8

0.033

0.031

− 0.134

0.372

0.291

Technical expertise (Knowledge and technology)

4.9

0.8

− 0.132

− 0.139

− 0.079

− 0.116

− 0.081

Cultural capital

3.0

1.2

− 0.302

0.125

− 0.498*

− 0.055

− 0.102

7.3Whose interests are at stake?

WHO - World Health organization

5.5

1.3

0.512**

0.513**

− 0.019

0.334

0.467*

UNICEF - United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

4.6

1.8

0.340

0.617**

0.084

0.435*

0.401

GAVI - Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

4.5

1.8

0.435*

0.602**

0.044

0.120

0.464*

CEPI - Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

3.8

1.6

0.187

0.457*

− 0.015

0.224

0.285

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

4.2

1.5

0.232

0.359

0.508**

0.032

0.213

The World Bank

4.0

1.5

0.130

0.299

0.437*

0.059

0.167

Research agencies

4.4

1.5

0.396*

0.577**

− 0.092

0.348

0.494*

Vaccine manufacturers

5.2

1.9

− 0.051

0.226

0.214

− 0.025

0.125

Governments

5.7

1.3

0.129

0.291

0.170

− 0.046

− 0.072

Non-governmental Organizations

3.7

1.5

0.332

0.394

0.461*

0.236

0.276