Table 3 The results of the conditional convergence model regression

year dummies

β

− 0.185***

− 0.232***

− 0.264***

− 0.298***

− 0.019

− 0.336***

− 0.323***

− 0.301***

− 0.273***

− 0.218***

SD

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ln (doc)

β

−1.461***

− 1.524***

− 1.488***

−1.499***

− 1.701***

−1.614***

− 1.724***

− 1.482***

− 1.390***

− 1.246***

SD

0.101

0.119

0.130

0.140

0.152

0.157

0.164

0.168

0.175

0.181

ln (gdp)

β

−0.636*

− 0.481*

− 0.284

− 0.176

− 0.580*

− 0.212

−0.285

− 0.018

0.093

0.213

SD

0.051

0.061

0.067

0.073

0.080

0.084

0.089

0.092

0.097

0.102

ln (gdp)*ln (doc)

β

2.637**

2.534**

2.279**

2.256**

2.724***

2.395**

2.646***

1.856*

1.517*

1.040

SD

0.014

0.017

0.018

0.020

0.021

0.022

0.023

0.024

0.025

0.026

lngdp²*ln (doc)

β

−0.954*

−0.979*

−0.961*

−1.064**

− 0.896*

−1.122**

−1.236**

− 0.924*

− 0.791*

−0.553

SD

< 0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

ln (pop)

β

−0.018

−0.006

0.009

0.017

−0.022

0.027

0.035*

0.049**

0.057***

0.059***

SD

0.004

0.004

0.005

0.005

0.006

0.006

0.006

0.006

0.007

0.007

ln (gov)

β

0.368***

0.435***

0.460***

0.500***

0.159***

0.521***

0.512***

0.499***

0.484***

0.438***

SD

0.007

0.009

0.010

0.011

0.008

0.012

0.013

0.014

0.014

0.015

R

0.381

0.465

0.518

0.555

0.562

0.597

0.618

0.641

0.664

0.677

R²

0.145

0.217

0.269

0.308

0.316

0.356

0.382

0.411

0.441

0.458

Adjusted R²

0.144

0.216

0.268

0.307

0.314

0.355

0.380

0.410

0.440

0.457

Dependent Variable: ln (bed)

year dummies

β

− 0.251***

− 0.320***

− 0.395***

− 0.435***

− 0.018

− 0.242***

− 0.143***

−0.065*

− 0.008

0.009

SD

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

ln (bed)

β

−0.286

− 0.381

− 0.464

− 0.967**

− 1.040***

− 1.715***

−2.159***

−2.585***

−2.675***

−2.524***

SD

0.064

0.083

0.100

0.116

0.131

0.140

0.148

0.153

0.158

0.163

ln (gdp)

β

0.930**

1.251***

1.352***

0.909**

0.474

−0.242

−1.034**

− 1.740***

−2.108***

− 2.196***

SD

0.036

0.047

0.057

0.067

0.076

0.082

0.088

0.092

0.097

0.101

ln (gdp)*ln (bed)

β

0.203

0.497

0.691

2.211*

2.254*

4.225***

5.356***

6.405***

6.314***

5.412***

SD

0.009

0.011

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.019

0.020

0.021

0.022

0.023

lngdp²*ln (bed)

β

−1.206**

−1.836***

−2.147***

−2.817***

−2.265***

−3.087***

−3.041***

−3.024***

− 2.498***

− 1.633***

SD

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

ln (pop)

β

0.035*

0.054***

0.068***

0.074***

0.025

0.075***

0.076***

0.083***

0.095***

0.107***

SD

0.002

0.003

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.005

0.005

0.005

0.005

0.006

ln (gov)

β

0.551***

0.685***

0.782***

0.772***

0.273***

0.558***

0.398***

0.262***

0.160***

0.077

SD

0.004

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.006

0.01

0.01

0.011

0.012

0.012

R

0.314

0.401

0.455

0.493

0.475

0.513

0.529

0.555

0.580

0.607

R²

0.099

0.161

0.207

0.243

0.225

0.263

0.279

0.308

0.337

0.369

Adjusted R²

0.097

0.160

0.206

0.241

0.224

0.262

0.278

0.307

0.335

0.367